Abstract
We present a search for prompt gamma-ray counterparts to compact binary coalescence gravitational wave (GW) candidates from Advanced LIGO's first observing run (O1). As demonstrated by the multimessenger observations of GW170817/GRB 170817A, electromagnetic and GW observations provide complementary information about the astrophysical source, and in the case of weaker candidates, may strengthen the case for an astrophysical origin. Here we investigate low-significance GW candidates from the O1 compact binary coalescence searches using the Fermi Gamma-Ray Burst Monitor (GBM), leveraging its all sky and broad energy coverage. Candidates are ranked and compared to background to measure the significance. Those with false alarm rates (FARs) of less than 10 -5 Hz (about one per day, yielding a total of 81 candidates) are used as the search sample for gamma-ray follow-up. No GW candidates were found to be coincident with gamma-ray transients independently identified by blind searches of the GBM data. In addition, GW candidate event times were followed up by a separate targeted search of GBM data. Among the resulting GBM events, the two with the lowest FARs were the gamma-ray transient GW150914-GBM presented in Connaughton et al. and a solar flare in chance coincidence with a GW candidate.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 90 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-12 |
| Number of pages | 12 |
| Journal | Astrophysical Journal |
| Volume | 871 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| Early online date | 20 Jan 2019 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 24 Jan 2019 |
Funding
1NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA 2Science and Technology Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Huntsville, AL 35805, USA 3NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA 4Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 5LIGO, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 6Department of Space Science, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA 7Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA 8Politecnico di Bari, Via Edoardo Orabona, 4, I-70126 Bari BA, Italy 9Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy 10Jacobs Space Exploration Group, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA 11Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany 12LIGO, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 13Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA 14Università di Salerno, Fisciano, I-84084 Salerno, Italy 15INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy 16OzGrav, School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia 17LIGO Livingston Observatory, Livingston, LA 70754, USA 18Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, F-74941 Annecy, France 19University of Sannio at Benevento, I-82100 Benevento, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, I-80100 Napoli, Italy 20Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-30167 Hannover, Germany 21Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany 22NCSA, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA 23University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK 24Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands 25Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 12227-010 São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil 26Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI), I-67100 L’Aquila, Italy 27INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy 28Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune 411007, India 29International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India 30University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA 31Università di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 32INFN, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy 33Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain 34OzGrav, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia 35Laboratoire des Matériaux Avancés (LMA), CNRS/IN2P3, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France 36SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK 37LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91898 Orsay, France 38California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA 39APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France 40European Gravitational Observatory (EGO), I-56021 Cascina, Pisa, Italy 41Chennai Mathematical Institute, Chennai 603103, India 42Università di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy 43INFN, Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, I-00133 Roma, Italy 44Universität Hamburg, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany 45INFN, Sezione di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy 46Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK 47Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott, AZ 86301, USA 48Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute), D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany 49Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea 50West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA 51Università di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy 52INFN, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy 53Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA 54University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA 55SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK 56LIGO Hanford Observatory, Richland, WA 99352, USA 57Caltech CaRT, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA 58Wigner RCP, RMKI, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 29-33, Hungary 59University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA 60Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA 61Università di Camerino, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-62032 Camerino, Italy 62Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, I-35131 Padova, Italy 63INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy 64MTA-ELTE Astrophysics Research Group, Institute of Physics, Eötvös University, Budapest 1117, Hungary 65Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-716, Warsaw, Poland 66OzGrav, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia 67Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy 68INFN, Sezione di Milano Bicocca, Gruppo Collegato di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy 69Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USA 70University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK 71INFN, Sezione di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy 72RRCAT, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452013, India 73Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia 74OzGrav, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia 75Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands 76Artemis, Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire Côte d’Azur, CNRS, CS 34229, F-06304 Nice Cedex 4, France 77Physik-Institut, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland 78Université de Rennes, CNRS, Institut FOTON—UMR6082, F-3500 Rennes, France 79Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA 80University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA 81Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, ENS-Université PSL, Collège de France, F-75005 Paris, France 82Università degli Studi di Urbino ‘Carlo Bo,’ I-61029 Urbino, Italy 83INFN, Sezione di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy 84Astronomical Observatory Warsaw University, 00-478 Warsaw, Poland 85VU University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands 86University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 87School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA 88Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France 89Università di Napoli ‘Federico II,’ Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant’Angelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy 90Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Genova, I-16146 Genova, Italy 91RESCEU, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan 92Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic of China 93Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA 94Kenyon College, Gambier, OH 43022, USA 95The University of Mississippi, Mississippi, MS 38677, USA 96Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi,” I-00184 Roma, Italy 97The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA 98National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan, People’s Republic of China 99Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia 100Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration & Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA 101University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA 102Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea 103Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA 104The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong 105INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, I-35122 Padova, Italy 106INFN, Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy 107OzGrav, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia 108Università di Roma ‘La Sapienza,’ I-00185 Roma, Italy 109Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels B-1050, Belgium 110Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928, USA 111Departamento de Matemáticas, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot, València, Spain 112Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA 113Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA 114Universitat de les Illes Balears, IAC3–IEEC, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain 115University of Rhode Island, 45 Upper College Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA 116The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA 117Bellevue College, Bellevue, WA 98007, USA 118Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar 382428, India 119The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK 120California State University, 5151 State University Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA 121Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, I-38123 Povo, Trento, Italy 122Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA 123National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan 124Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H8, Canada 125Observatori Astronòmic, Universitat de València, E-46980 Paterna, València, Spain 126School of Mathematics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK 127University and Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar Gujarat 382007, India 128Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India 129University of Szeged, Dóm tér 9, Szeged 6720, Hungary 130Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India 131INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, I-80131 Napoli, Italy 132University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA 133Abilene Christian University, Abilene, TX 79699, USA 134American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA 135University of Białystok, 15-424 Białystok, Poland 136University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK 137University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USA 138Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia 139Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea 140Inje University Gimhae, South Gyeongsang 50834, Republic of Korea 141National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon 34047, Republic of Korea 142Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 143NCBJ, 05-400 Świerk-Otwock, Poland 144Institute of Mathematics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 00656 Warsaw, Poland 145Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA 146Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA 147Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea 148NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35811, USA 149Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy 150INFN, Sezione di Roma Tre, I-00154 Roma, Italy 151ESPCI, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France 152Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA 153College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA 154Centre Scientifique de Monaco, 8 quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000, Monaco 155Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India 156INFN Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy 157Institut des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques, F-91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France 158IISER-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741252, India 159Whitman College, 345 Boyer Avenue, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA 160Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa, Italy 161Université de Lyon, F-69361 Lyon, France 162Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY 14456, USA 163Università degli Studi di Firenze, I-50121 Firenze, Italy 164OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia 165Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, 65-265 Zielona Góra, Poland 166University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 167SUPA, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK 168King’s College London, University of London, London WC2R 2LS, UK 169Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar Ahmedabad Gujarat 382424, India 170Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Khandi, Telangana 502285, India 171International Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal RN 59078-970, Brazil 172Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA 19085, USA 173Andrews University, Berrien Springs, MI 49104, USA 174Università di Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy The USRA co-authors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through contract NNM13AA43C. The UAH co-authors gratefully acknowledge NASA funding from co-operative agreement NNM11AA01A. E.B. and T.D.C. are supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Goddard Space Flight Center, administered by Universities Space Research Association under contract with NASA. D.K., C.A.W.H., C.M. H., and T.L. gratefully acknowledge NASA funding through the Fermi GBM project. Support for the German contribution to GBM was provided by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) via the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) under contract number 50 QV 0301. A.v.K. was supported by the Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) through DLR grant 50 OG 1101. N.C. and J.B. acknowledge support from NSF under grant PHY-1505373. S.M.B. acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland under grant 12/IP/1288. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) for the construction and operation of the LIGO Laboratory and Advanced LIGO as well as the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/ Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Vicepresidència i Conselleria d’Innovació Recerca i Turisme and the Conselleria d’Educació i Universitat del Govern de les Illes Balears, the Conselleria d’Educació Investigació Cultura i Esport de la Generalitat Valenciana, the National Science Centre of Poland, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the National Research, Development and Innovation Office Hungary (NKFI), the National Research Foundation of Korea, Industry Canada and the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council Canada, the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovations, and Communications, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, MPS, INFN, CNRS, and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for provision of computational resources.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Not added | ST/N005422/1, ST/M005844/1, ST/N00003X/1, ST/I006269/1, ST/K000845/1, ST/N000633/1, ST/N000668/1, ST/N000072/1, ST/J00166X/1 |
| Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie | 50 OG 1101 |
| State of Niedersachsen | |
| Universities Space Research Association | |
| Vicepresidència i Conselleria d’Innovació Recerca i Turisme | |
| National Science Foundation | 1707965, 1921006, PHY-1505373, 1707835, 1726215, 1708081, 1806824, 1912632, 1716394, 1700765, 1806885, 1806461, 1806165, 1806990, 1710286 |
| Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences | |
| National Aeronautics and Space Administration | NNM11AA01A, NNM13AA43C |
| Kavli Foundation | |
| National Kidney Foundation of Iowa | |
| Canadian Institute for Advanced Research | |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 734303 |
| Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada | |
| Ontario Ministry of Economic Development and Innovation | |
| Science and Technology Facilities Council | PPA/G/S/2002/00652, ST/H002006/1 |
| Leverhulme Trust | |
| Royal Society | |
| Scottish Funding Council | |
| Scottish Universities Physics Alliance | |
| European Commission | |
| Australian Research Council | |
| Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India | |
| Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India | |
| Science Foundation Ireland | 12/IP/1288 |
| Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung | |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China | |
| Science and Engineering Research Board | |
| Russian Foundation for Basic Research | |
| Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung | |
| Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee | |
| Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt | 50 QV 0301 |
| Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | |
| Generalitat Valenciana | |
| Hungarian Scientific Research Fund | |
| National Research Foundation of Korea | |
| Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare | |
| Narodowe Centrum Nauki | |
| Ministry of Human Resource Development | |
| Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan | |
| Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique | |
| Russian Science Foundation | |
| European Regional Development Fund | |
| Universitat de les Illes Balears | |
| Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal | |
| Agencia Estatal de Investigación | |
| Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações | |
| Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare | |
| ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research |
Keywords
- gamma-ray burst: general
- gravitational waves