Age differences in workplace deviance: A meta-analysis

In this meta-analysis, we examine age differences in workplace deviance. We find a small but significant negative correlation (r = -.088, k = 136, N = 39,717) between age and workplace deviance. Distinguishing between interpersonal and organizational workplace deviance does not influence the results. The negative correlation between age and workplace deviance is stronger when workplace deviance is measured through self-reports as compared to other- reports. The relationship is also moderated by the questionnaire used to assess workplace deviance. Furthermore, the relationship between age and workplace deviance becomes more negative in countries with high levels of pension coverage, and in countries with a large number of social connections in old age. Results suggest that hiring older individuals could benefit organizations as it might reduce levels of workplace deviance and thereby lead to a competitive advantage for these organizations. Methodological, theoretical, and practical implications, as well as limitations and future research ideas, are discussed.