Abstract
Background
Although artificial turf fields are utilized widely around the world, sufficient research has not yet been conducted to assess the potential human and environmental health risks posed by the chemicals contained in the fields’ fibers, backing, and often-used crumb rubber infill. Consequently, there is wide variation in governmental policies.
Objective
Review the notable policies concerning artificial turf and crumb rubber infill in the European Union, United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, China, Qatar, and the Global Stockholm Convention of the United Nations.
Methods
Information was collected that included published papers, technical and policy reports, and grey literature. These were then analyzed by a collaborative group familiar with the environmental policies in their respective countries to extract the pertinent legislative or regulatory information. The group members were primarily identified through their involvement in publications pertinent to artificial turf and crumb rubber infill health research and included environmental health professors, active researchers, and governmental agency officials. Most information on direct policies was taken directly from reports provided to the public by various governmental agencies responsible for their countries’ regulations, often available within the respective agency's online archives.
Results
There are significant differences in the regulatory approaches adopted by the investigated countries with regards to artificial turf and its crumb rubber infill. Some regions, such as the European Union, have taken substantial steps to limit the fields’ chemical components to which the public and environment are exposed. Other regions and countries have done far less to address the issue. Most policies relate directly to (i) the fields themselves, (ii) the microplastic components of crumb rubber infill, or (iii) the concentrations of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and heavy metals.
Conclusion
While nearly every country acknowledges the potential health risks posed by heavy metals, microplastics, PAHs, and PFAS chemicals, very few have actually implemented artificial turf and crumb rubber infill regulations and/or established adequate surveillance measures to protect those regularly exposed to the fields.
Although artificial turf fields are utilized widely around the world, sufficient research has not yet been conducted to assess the potential human and environmental health risks posed by the chemicals contained in the fields’ fibers, backing, and often-used crumb rubber infill. Consequently, there is wide variation in governmental policies.
Objective
Review the notable policies concerning artificial turf and crumb rubber infill in the European Union, United Kingdom, United States of America, Canada, China, Qatar, and the Global Stockholm Convention of the United Nations.
Methods
Information was collected that included published papers, technical and policy reports, and grey literature. These were then analyzed by a collaborative group familiar with the environmental policies in their respective countries to extract the pertinent legislative or regulatory information. The group members were primarily identified through their involvement in publications pertinent to artificial turf and crumb rubber infill health research and included environmental health professors, active researchers, and governmental agency officials. Most information on direct policies was taken directly from reports provided to the public by various governmental agencies responsible for their countries’ regulations, often available within the respective agency's online archives.
Results
There are significant differences in the regulatory approaches adopted by the investigated countries with regards to artificial turf and its crumb rubber infill. Some regions, such as the European Union, have taken substantial steps to limit the fields’ chemical components to which the public and environment are exposed. Other regions and countries have done far less to address the issue. Most policies relate directly to (i) the fields themselves, (ii) the microplastic components of crumb rubber infill, or (iii) the concentrations of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and heavy metals.
Conclusion
While nearly every country acknowledges the potential health risks posed by heavy metals, microplastics, PAHs, and PFAS chemicals, very few have actually implemented artificial turf and crumb rubber infill regulations and/or established adequate surveillance measures to protect those regularly exposed to the fields.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 100620 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-11 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Environmental Challenges |
| Volume | 9 |
| Early online date | 16 Sept 2022 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Dec 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was partially financially supported by: Summer Research Experience in Environmental Health (SREEH) funded through the NIEHS ( R25ES029052 ); LA/P/0045/2020 ( ALiCE ) and UIDP/00511/2020 ( LEPABE ), funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES ( PIDDAC ); project SAFEGOAL ( POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028101 ), funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacão (POCI) and by national funds (PIDDAC) through FCT/MCTES
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022
Funding
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| ALiCE | UIDP/00511/2020 |
| National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences | R25ES029052, LA/P/0045/2020 |
| National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences | |
| Fuel Cell Technologies Program | |
| Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior | POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028101 |
| Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior |
Keywords
- Artificial turf
- Crumb rubber
- Infill
- Policy
