Abstract
Carrier sanctions are penalties given to transport companies if they carry improperly documented passengers. While the literature on carrier sanctions grapples primarily with comparative legal and normative questions surrounding asylum-seeking and democratic accountability, the empirical material covering the implementation of carrier sanctions is more limited. None of the literature to date has examined the statistical trends in the enforcement of carrier sanctions by European states. This article fills this gap and provides the first comparative analysis of statistics on the yearly number and costs of carrier sanctions. Through a new dataset on the implementation of carrier sanctions in 10 European countries between 2000-2014, the data reveal a puzzling variation in carrier sanction implementation over time, with wide variation among states, due in part to the un-reliability of the data. These variations are discussed in the context of current legal, political, and migratory trends in Europe.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 307-334 |
| Number of pages | 28 |
| Journal | European Journal of Migration and Law |
| Volume | 19 |
| Issue number | 3 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Jan 2017 |
Funding
* I owe a huge debt of gratitude for assistance with translation, interpretation, and research support to: Jill Alpes, Nefeli Bami, Cristina del Biaggio, Paolo Cuttitta, Panos Hatziprokopiou, Segolene Mennesson, Emanuela Roman, Thomas Spijkerboer, Orcun Ulusoy, and Ignacio Urquijo. Special thanks to Banafsheh and Judith at VU for helping with referencing. Thank you for your assistance in carrying out this research. I also want to give special thanks to all the respondents and others who assisted with locating sources, I am reluctant to name all of you, but your assistance made data collection much smoother and interesting. I would also like to thank the members of the advisory board meeting for the Human Costs of Border Control project, where this work was first presented. A final thanks to the anonymous referee who provided critical comments which improved the paper. Thank you for the comments and discussion. Research for this article was conducted as part of the project ‘Border Policies and Sovereignty: Human Rights and the Right to Life of Irregular Migrants,’ supported by Dutch NWO Vici grant number 016.130.061.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | 016.130.061 |
Keywords
- carrier sanctions
- European Union
- externalization
- privatization
