Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Reference values to define cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older are lacking. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the level of cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia.
METHODS: The search identified 3972 articles of which 20 articles were included in the review. We calculated mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores for cognitive tests published in two or more articles.
RESULTS: The mean cognitive test scores (SD)/cut-off scores for individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia of the five most commonly used cognitive tests were: MMSE: 26.6 (2.6)/23.3 points, Digit Span forward: 5.9 (1.8)/3.6 digits, Digit Span backward: 4.4 (1.6)/2.4 digits, TMT-A: 85.8 (42.5)/140.2s and TMT-B: 220.3 (99.2)/347.3s.
DISCUSSION: We provided mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores that will improve the diagnostic process of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 42-49 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Ageing Research Reviews |
| Volume | 36 |
| Early online date | 8 Mar 2017 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jul 2017 |
Bibliographical note
Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Keywords
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/physiology
- Cognition/physiology
- Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis
- Dementia/diagnosis
- Educational Status
- Female
- Humans
- Longitudinal Studies
- Male
- Neuropsychological Tests
