Conclusion: Make up leeway. Future maritime criminology and policing studies

Maritime Crime and Policing has covered a wide range of maritime topics and interdisciplinary perspectives on them. Firstly, the limited appreciation of causes of piracy may be false and require more insights into how piracy and other illicit maritime trades remain land-based problems, which require a focus on addressing the principal causes of piracy with long-term solutions. Secondly, the broader, more holistic focus on land-based causes regarding piracy is something illegal maritime migration flows and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing would benefit from as well. Maritime policing and the challenges that come along with it also manifest themselves at the shoreside of the maritime domain, specifically ports. To be compliant and continue their operation, many of the port actors need to consume security services. Although the regulatory regime makes different security measures mandatory, it is still possible to trace resistance and skepticism among several port actors with regard to their spending on security services.