Abstract
Background: Although growing evidence suggests that dietary patterns associated with noncommunicable diseases in adulthood may develop early in life, when these are established, as well as their determinants, remains unclear. Methods: We examined determinants and tracking of a dietary pattern (DP) associated with metabolic risk and its key food groups among 860 adolescents in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort study. Food intake was reported using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at 14 and 17 years. Z-scores for an ‘energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre’ DP were estimated by applying reduced rank regression at both ages. Tracking was based on the predictive value (PV) of remaining in the DPZ-score or food intake quartile at 14 and 17 years. Early-life exposures included: maternal age; maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index; parent smoking status during pregnancy; and parent socio-economic position (SEP) at 14 and 17 years. Associations between the DPZ-scores, early-life factors and SEP were analysed using regression analysis. Results: Dietary tracking was strongest among boys with high DPZ-scores, high intakes of processed meat, low-fibre bread, crisps and savoury snacks (PV > 1) and the lowest intakes of vegetables, fruit and legumes. Lower maternal education (β = 0.09, P = 0.002 at 14 years; β = 0.14, P < 0.001 at 17 years) and lower maternal age at birth (β = 0.09, P = 0.003 at 14 years; β = 0.11, P = 0.004 at 17 years) were positively associated with higher DPZ-scores. Conclusions: An energy-dense, high-fat, low-fibre dietary pattern tracks more strongly among adolescent boys who have high scores for this pattern at 14 years of age. These findings highlight target foods and population subgroups for early interventions aiming to improve dietary behaviours.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 218-227 |
Number of pages | 10 |
Journal | Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics |
Volume | 31 |
Issue number | 2 |
Early online date | 4 Oct 2017 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Apr 2018 |
Funding
We are extremely grateful to all the Raine Study participants and their families and the Raine Study team. We also acknowledge the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia for their funding contributions to the Raine Study over the last 20 years, the Telethon Kids Institute at the University of Western Australia for long-term support of the study, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization for use of the FFQ. The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. This work was supported by a program grant from the Medical Research Council (grant number U105960389) and research grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Beyond Blue Cardiovascular Disease and Depression Strategic Research Program. The first author was supported by a PhD studentship from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and Universiti Putra Malaysia. Management funding for the Raine Study was provided by the University of Western Australia, the Telethon Kids Institute, the Raine Medical Research Foundation, the Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences of the University of Western Australia, the Women’s and Infants Research Foundation and Curtin University. GA was responsible for data analyses, data interpretation and primary manuscript writing. GKP assisted with data interpretation and manuscript writing. WHO was a principal investigator for the collection of dietary data from which the data for the present study were taken and also provided critical review of the manuscript. SAJ contributed to data interpretation and provided a critical review of the manuscript. GLA advised on data analysis, data interpretation and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript submitted for publication.
Funders | Funder number |
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National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia | |
Telethon Kids Institute | |
Medical Research Council | U105960389, MC_U105960389 |
National Health and Medical Research Council | |
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation | |
National Heart Foundation of Australia | |
Raine Medical Research Foundation | |
Women and Infants Research Foundation | |
Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Western Australia | |
Curtin University of Technology | |
University of Western Australia | |
Ministry of Higher Education | |
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia | |
Universiti Putra Malaysia |
Keywords
- adolescents
- dietary patterns
- food groups
- Raine Study
- social determinants
- tracking