Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl3F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations

Irene Pardo Cantos; Emmanuel Mahieu; Martyn P. Chipperfield; Dan Smale; James W. Hannigan; Marina Friedrich; Paul Fraser; Paul Krummel; Maxime Prignon; Jamal Makkor; Christian Servais; John Robinson

doi:10.1039/D2EA00060A

Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations

Irene Pardo Cantos^*
, Emmanuel Mahieu
, Martyn P. Chipperfield
, Dan Smale
, James W. Hannigan
, Marina Friedrich
, Paul Fraser
, Paul Krummel
, Maxime Prignon
, Jamal Makkor
, Christian Servais
, John Robinson

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) has declined in response to the phase-out of its production by the Montreal Protocol. Nevertheless, this atmospheric concentration decline suffered a slow-down around 2012 due to emissions from non-reported production. Since CFC-11 is one of the most important ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), its continuous monitoring is essential. We present the CFC-11 total column time series (2000-2020) retrieved in a consistent way from ground-based high-resolution solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These observations were recorded at two remote stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): the Jungfraujoch station (Northern Hemisphere) and the Lauder station (Southern Hemisphere). These time series are new. They were produced using improved line parameters and merged considering the instrument changes and setup modifications. Afterwards, they were compared with Cape Grim station in situ surface observations conducted within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and with total column datasets calculated by the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Trend analyses were performed, using an advanced statistical tool, in order to identify the timing and magnitude of the trend change in both hemispheres. The observations are consistent with the model results and confirm the slowdown in the CFC-11 atmospheric concentration decay, since ≈2011 in the Northern Hemisphere, and since ≈2014 in the Southern Hemisphere.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1487-1501
Number of pages	15
Journal	Environmental Science. Atmospheres
Volume	2
Issue number	6
Early online date	10 Oct 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00060A
Publication status	Published - 1 Nov 2022

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Author(s).

Funding

This work has been supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S. - FNRS, Brussels, Belgium; grant no. J.0126.21), the GAW-CH program of MeteoSwiss (Zürich, CH) and the University of Liège. EM is a senior research associate with F.R.S. - FNRS. The ULiège team thanks the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG, Bern, CH) for supporting the facilities needed to perform the Fourier transform infrared observations at Jungfraujoch. The FTIR measurements made at Lauder are core-funded by NIWA through New Zealand's Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Strategic Science Investment Fund. MPC was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council SISLAC project (NE/R001782/1). The TOMCAT model runs were performed on the UK Archer and University of Leeds ARC computers. The AGAGE operation at Cape Grim is funded by the Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere and MIT (NASA). The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. We thank Dr G. C. Toon for developing, maintaining and making available the pseudolinelists (PLLs) and the ATM2019 spectroscopic compilation that were essential to the present work. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) is funded by the Canadian Space Agency. This work has been supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (F.R.S. – FNRS, Brussels, Belgium; grant no. J.0126.21), the GAW-CH program of MeteoSwiss (Zürich, CH) and the University of Liège. EM is a senior research associate with F.R.S. – FNRS. The ULiège team thanks the International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG, Bern, CH) for supporting the facilities needed to perform the Fourier transform infrared observations at Jungfraujoch. The FTIR measurements made at Lauder are core-funded by NIWA through New Zealand's Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Strategic Science Investment Fund. MPC was supported by the UK Natural Environment Research Council SISLAC project (NE/R001782/1). The TOMCAT model runs were performed on the UK Archer and University of Leeds ARC computers. The AGAGE operation at Cape Grim is funded by the Bureau of Meteorology, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere and MIT (NASA). The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. We thank Dr G. C. Toon for developing, maintaining and making available the pseudolinelists (PLLs) and the ATM2019 spectroscopic compilation that were essential to the present work. The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) is funded by the Canadian Space Agency.

Funders	Funder number
Université de Liège
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Science Foundation
GAW-CH program of MeteoSwiss
University of Leeds
Bureau of Meteorology
Canadian Space Agency
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
HFSJG
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment Strategic Science Investment Fund
International Foundation High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat
UK Research and Innovation
UK Natural Environment Research Council	NE/R001782/1

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Pardo Cantos, I., Mahieu, E., Chipperfield, M. P., Smale, D., Hannigan, J. W., Friedrich, M., Fraser, P., Krummel, P., Prignon, M., Makkor, J., Servais, C., & Robinson, J. (2022). Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations. Environmental Science. Atmospheres, 2(6), 1487-1501. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00060A

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title = "Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl3F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations",

abstract = "The atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 (CCl3F) has declined in response to the phase-out of its production by the Montreal Protocol. Nevertheless, this atmospheric concentration decline suffered a slow-down around 2012 due to emissions from non-reported production. Since CFC-11 is one of the most important ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), its continuous monitoring is essential. We present the CFC-11 total column time series (2000-2020) retrieved in a consistent way from ground-based high-resolution solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These observations were recorded at two remote stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): the Jungfraujoch station (Northern Hemisphere) and the Lauder station (Southern Hemisphere). These time series are new. They were produced using improved line parameters and merged considering the instrument changes and setup modifications. Afterwards, they were compared with Cape Grim station in situ surface observations conducted within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and with total column datasets calculated by the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Trend analyses were performed, using an advanced statistical tool, in order to identify the timing and magnitude of the trend change in both hemispheres. The observations are consistent with the model results and confirm the slowdown in the CFC-11 atmospheric concentration decay, since ≈2011 in the Northern Hemisphere, and since ≈2014 in the Southern Hemisphere.",

author = "\{Pardo Cantos\}, Irene and Emmanuel Mahieu and Chipperfield, \{Martyn P.\} and Dan Smale and Hannigan, \{James W.\} and Marina Friedrich and Paul Fraser and Paul Krummel and Maxime Prignon and Jamal Makkor and Christian Servais and John Robinson",

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Pardo Cantos, I, Mahieu, E, Chipperfield, MP, Smale, D, Hannigan, JW, Friedrich, M, Fraser, P, Krummel, P, Prignon, M, Makkor, J, Servais, C & Robinson, J 2022, 'Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations', Environmental Science. Atmospheres, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 1487-1501. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2EA00060A

Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations. / Pardo Cantos, Irene; Mahieu, Emmanuel; Chipperfield, Martyn P. et al.
In: Environmental Science. Atmospheres, Vol. 2, No. 6, 01.11.2022, p. 1487-1501.

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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T1 - Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl3F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations

AU - Pardo Cantos, Irene

AU - Mahieu, Emmanuel

AU - Chipperfield, Martyn P.

AU - Smale, Dan

AU - Hannigan, James W.

AU - Friedrich, Marina

AU - Fraser, Paul

AU - Krummel, Paul

AU - Prignon, Maxime

AU - Makkor, Jamal

AU - Servais, Christian

AU - Robinson, John

PY - 2022/11/1

Y1 - 2022/11/1

N2 - The atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 (CCl3F) has declined in response to the phase-out of its production by the Montreal Protocol. Nevertheless, this atmospheric concentration decline suffered a slow-down around 2012 due to emissions from non-reported production. Since CFC-11 is one of the most important ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), its continuous monitoring is essential. We present the CFC-11 total column time series (2000-2020) retrieved in a consistent way from ground-based high-resolution solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These observations were recorded at two remote stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): the Jungfraujoch station (Northern Hemisphere) and the Lauder station (Southern Hemisphere). These time series are new. They were produced using improved line parameters and merged considering the instrument changes and setup modifications. Afterwards, they were compared with Cape Grim station in situ surface observations conducted within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and with total column datasets calculated by the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Trend analyses were performed, using an advanced statistical tool, in order to identify the timing and magnitude of the trend change in both hemispheres. The observations are consistent with the model results and confirm the slowdown in the CFC-11 atmospheric concentration decay, since ≈2011 in the Northern Hemisphere, and since ≈2014 in the Southern Hemisphere.

AB - The atmospheric concentration of CFC-11 (CCl3F) has declined in response to the phase-out of its production by the Montreal Protocol. Nevertheless, this atmospheric concentration decline suffered a slow-down around 2012 due to emissions from non-reported production. Since CFC-11 is one of the most important ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), its continuous monitoring is essential. We present the CFC-11 total column time series (2000-2020) retrieved in a consistent way from ground-based high-resolution solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. These observations were recorded at two remote stations of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC): the Jungfraujoch station (Northern Hemisphere) and the Lauder station (Southern Hemisphere). These time series are new. They were produced using improved line parameters and merged considering the instrument changes and setup modifications. Afterwards, they were compared with Cape Grim station in situ surface observations conducted within the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) network and with total column datasets calculated by the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT 3-D chemical transport model. Trend analyses were performed, using an advanced statistical tool, in order to identify the timing and magnitude of the trend change in both hemispheres. The observations are consistent with the model results and confirm the slowdown in the CFC-11 atmospheric concentration decay, since ≈2011 in the Northern Hemisphere, and since ≈2014 in the Southern Hemisphere.

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Pardo Cantos I, Mahieu E, Chipperfield MP, Smale D, Hannigan JW, Friedrich M et al. Determination and analysis of time series of CFC-11 (CCl₃F) from FTIR solar spectra, in situ observations, and model data in the past 20 years above Jungfraujoch (46°N), Lauder (45°S), and Cape Grim (40°S) stations. Environmental Science. Atmospheres. 2022 Nov 1;2(6):1487-1501. Epub 2022 Oct 10. doi: 10.1039/D2EA00060A