Effect of psychotherapy for adult depression on self-esteem: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: There is emerging evidence to suggest that Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for depression may have a secondary effect on self-esteem, but less is known about non-CBT based interventions. To examine this, we had two main aims; (1) to meta-analyze psychotherapy effects on (i) depression and (ii) self-esteem, and (2) to investigate the relationship between reductions in depression symptoms and improvements in self-esteem. Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a meta-analysis of randomized control trials of psychotherapy for adult depression, which included a self-esteem outcome at post-treatment. Nineteen studies with a total of 3423 participants met the inclusion criteria. For each comparison between psychotherapy and a control condition, we calculated Hedges' g both for depression and self-esteem and pooled them in two separate meta-analyses. Furthermore, meta-regression was used to explore the association between the effect of psychotherapy for depression and its effect on self-esteem. Results: The effects on depression were large and significant (Hedges' g = −0.95; [95 % CI: −1.27, −0.63]). We found evidence of smaller, albeit still moderate, effects on self-esteem (Hedges'g = 0.63; [95 % CI:0.32, 0.93]), with sustained effects at 6–12 months (Hedges'g = 0.70; [95 % CI: −0.03, 1.43]). We also found a strong inverse association between the effects of psychotherapy for depression and self-esteem (β = −0.60, p < 0.001). Limitations: Heterogeneity was very high (I² = 97 %), and out of 19 trials, only 6 trials were rated as having a low risk of bias. Conclusions: The results suggest that psychotherapy for depression may improve self-esteem to a moderate degree.