Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium

A. Linneberg; R.K. Jacobsen; T. Skaaby; A.E. Taylor; M.E. Fluharty; J. Jeppesen; J.H. Bjorngaard; B.O. Asvold; M.E. Gabrielsen; A. Campbell; R.E. Marioni; M. Kumari; P. Marques-Vidal; M. Kaakinen; A. Cavadino; I. Postmus; T.S. Ahluwalia; S.G. Wannamethee; J. Lahti; K. Räikkönen; A. Palotie; A. Wong; C. Dalgard; I. Ford; Y. Ben-Shlomo; L. Christiansen; K.O. Kyvik; D Kuh; J.G. Eriksson; P.H. Whincup; H. Mbarek; E.J.C. de Geus; J.M. Vink; D.I. Boomsma; G. Davey Smith; D.A. Lawlor; A. Kisialiou; A. McConnachie; S. Padmanabhan; J.W. Jukema; C. Power; E. Hyppönen; M. Preisig; G. Waeber; P. Vollenweider; T. Korhonen; T. Laatikainen; V. Salomaa; J. Kaprio; M. Kivimaki; B.H. Smith; C. Hayward; T.I.A. Sorensen; B.H. Thuesen; N. Sattar; R.W. Morris; P.R. Romundstad; M. Munafò; M.R. Jarvelin; L.L.N. Husemoen

doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium

A. Linneberg, R.K. Jacobsen, T. Skaaby, A.E. Taylor, M.E. Fluharty, J. Jeppesen, J.H. Bjorngaard, B.O. Asvold, M.E. Gabrielsen, A. Campbell, R.E. Marioni, M. Kumari, P. Marques-Vidal, M. Kaakinen, A. Cavadino, I. Postmus, T.S. Ahluwalia, S.G. Wannamethee, J. Lahti, K. RäikkönenA. Palotie, A. Wong, C. Dalgard, I. Ford, Y. Ben-Shlomo, L. Christiansen, K.O. Kyvik, D Kuh, J.G. Eriksson, P.H. Whincup, H. Mbarek, E.J.C. de Geus, J.M. Vink, D.I. Boomsma, G. Davey Smith, D.A. Lawlor, A. Kisialiou, A. McConnachie, S. Padmanabhan, J.W. Jukema, C. Power, E. Hyppönen, M. Preisig, G. Waeber, P. Vollenweider, T. Korhonen, T. Laatikainen, V. Salomaa, J. Kaprio, M. Kivimaki, B.H. Smith, C. Hayward, T.I.A. Sorensen, B.H. Thuesen, N. Sattar, R.W. Morris, P.R. Romundstad, M. Munafò, M.R. Jarvelin, L.L.N. Husemoen

Biological Psychology

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Background-Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. Methods and Results-Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. Conclusions-This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	832-841
Number of pages	10
Journal	Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics
Volume	8
Issue number	6
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225
Publication status	Published - 2015

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This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

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Linneberg, A., Jacobsen, R. K., Skaaby, T., Taylor, A. E., Fluharty, M. E., Jeppesen, J., Bjorngaard, J. H., Asvold, B. O., Gabrielsen, M. E., Campbell, A., Marioni, R. E., Kumari, M., Marques-Vidal, P., Kaakinen, M., Cavadino, A., Postmus, I., Ahluwalia, T. S., Wannamethee, S. G., Lahti, J., ... Husemoen, L. L. N. (2015). Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium. Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics, 8(6), 832-841. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

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title = "Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium",

abstract = "Background-Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. Methods and Results-Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. Conclusions-This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.",

author = "A. Linneberg and R.K. Jacobsen and T. Skaaby and A.E. Taylor and M.E. Fluharty and J. Jeppesen and J.H. Bjorngaard and B.O. Asvold and M.E. Gabrielsen and A. Campbell and R.E. Marioni and M. Kumari and P. Marques-Vidal and M. Kaakinen and A. Cavadino and I. Postmus and T.S. Ahluwalia and S.G. Wannamethee and J. Lahti and K. R{\"a}ikk{\"o}nen and A. Palotie and A. Wong and C. Dalgard and I. Ford and Y. Ben-Shlomo and L. Christiansen and K.O. Kyvik and D Kuh and J.G. Eriksson and P.H. Whincup and H. Mbarek and {de Geus}, E.J.C. and J.M. Vink and D.I. Boomsma and {Davey Smith}, G. and D.A. Lawlor and A. Kisialiou and A. McConnachie and S. Padmanabhan and J.W. Jukema and C. Power and E. Hypp{\"o}nen and M. Preisig and G. Waeber and P. Vollenweider and T. Korhonen and T. Laatikainen and V. Salomaa and J. Kaprio and M. Kivimaki and B.H. Smith and C. Hayward and T.I.A. Sorensen and B.H. Thuesen and N. Sattar and R.W. Morris and P.R. Romundstad and M. Munaf{\`o} and M.R. Jarvelin and L.L.N. Husemoen",

year = "2015",

doi = "10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225",

language = "English",

volume = "8",

pages = "832--841",

journal = "Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics",

issn = "1942-325X",

publisher = "American Heart Association",

number = "6",

}

Linneberg, A, Jacobsen, RK, Skaaby, T, Taylor, AE, Fluharty, ME, Jeppesen, J, Bjorngaard, JH, Asvold, BO, Gabrielsen, ME, Campbell, A, Marioni, RE, Kumari, M, Marques-Vidal, P, Kaakinen, M, Cavadino, A, Postmus, I, Ahluwalia, TS, Wannamethee, SG, Lahti, J, Räikkönen, K, Palotie, A, Wong, A, Dalgard, C, Ford, I, Ben-Shlomo, Y, Christiansen, L, Kyvik, KO, Kuh, D, Eriksson, JG, Whincup, PH, Mbarek, H, de Geus, EJC, Vink, JM, Boomsma, DI, Davey Smith, G, Lawlor, DA, Kisialiou, A, McConnachie, A, Padmanabhan, S, Jukema, JW, Power, C, Hyppönen, E, Preisig, M, Waeber, G, Vollenweider, P, Korhonen, T, Laatikainen, T, Salomaa, V, Kaprio, J, Kivimaki, M, Smith, BH, Hayward, C, Sorensen, TIA, Thuesen, BH, Sattar, N, Morris, RW, Romundstad, PR, Munafò, M, Jarvelin, MR & Husemoen, LLN 2015, 'Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium', Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 832-841. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

TY - JOUR

T1 - Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium

AU - Linneberg, A.

AU - Jacobsen, R.K.

AU - Skaaby, T.

AU - Taylor, A.E.

AU - Fluharty, M.E.

AU - Jeppesen, J.

AU - Bjorngaard, J.H.

AU - Asvold, B.O.

AU - Gabrielsen, M.E.

AU - Campbell, A.

AU - Marioni, R.E.

AU - Kumari, M.

AU - Marques-Vidal, P.

AU - Kaakinen, M.

AU - Cavadino, A.

AU - Postmus, I.

AU - Ahluwalia, T.S.

AU - Wannamethee, S.G.

AU - Lahti, J.

AU - Räikkönen, K.

AU - Palotie, A.

AU - Wong, A.

AU - Dalgard, C.

AU - Ford, I.

AU - Ben-Shlomo, Y.

AU - Christiansen, L.

AU - Kyvik, K.O.

AU - Kuh, D

AU - Eriksson, J.G.

AU - Whincup, P.H.

AU - Mbarek, H.

AU - de Geus, E.J.C.

AU - Vink, J.M.

AU - Boomsma, D.I.

AU - Davey Smith, G.

AU - Lawlor, D.A.

AU - Kisialiou, A.

AU - McConnachie, A.

AU - Padmanabhan, S.

AU - Jukema, J.W.

AU - Power, C.

AU - Hyppönen, E.

AU - Preisig, M.

AU - Waeber, G.

AU - Vollenweider, P.

AU - Korhonen, T.

AU - Laatikainen, T.

AU - Salomaa, V.

AU - Kaprio, J.

AU - Kivimaki, M.

AU - Smith, B.H.

AU - Hayward, C.

AU - Sorensen, T.I.A.

AU - Thuesen, B.H.

AU - Sattar, N.

AU - Morris, R.W.

AU - Romundstad, P.R.

AU - Munafò, M.

AU - Jarvelin, M.R.

AU - Husemoen, L.L.N.

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Background-Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. Methods and Results-Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. Conclusions-This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

AB - Background-Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood. Methods and Results-Data on 141 317 participants (62 666 never, 40 669 former, 37 982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomization meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the Mendelian randomization analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses among current smokers, 1 cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 bpm; 95% confidence interval 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate and slightly higher diastolic blood pressure (0.05 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.02; 0.08) and systolic blood pressure (0.08 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval 0.03; 0.13). However, in Mendelian randomization analyses among current smokers, although each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 bpm/allele; 95% confidence interval 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 bpm higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day. Conclusions-This Mendelian randomization meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.

U2 - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

DO - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225

M3 - Article

SN - 1942-325X

VL - 8

SP - 832

EP - 841

JO - Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics

JF - Circulation: Cardiovascular genetics

IS - 6

ER -

Effect of Smoking on Blood Pressure and Resting Heart Rate - A Mendelian Randomization Meta-Analysis in the CARTA Consortium

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