Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large‐scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs

Funding

The ENIGMA Consortium is supported by the NIH Big Data to Knowledge (BD2K) program under consortium grant number U54 EB020403 (PI: Thompson). OAA is supported by the Research Council of Norway, South East Norway Health Authority, KG Jebsen Stiftelsen, EU H2020. C. A. has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (SAM16PE07CP1, PI16/02012, PI19/024), co\u2010financed by ERDF Funds from the European Commission, \u201CA way of making Europe\u201D, CIBERSAM; Madrid Regional Government (B2017/BMD\u20103740 AGES\u2010CM\u20102), European Union Structural Funds; European Union Seventh Framework Program under grant agreements FP7\u20104\u2010HEALTH\u20102009\u20102.2.1\u20102\u2010241,909 (Project EU\u2010GEI), FP7\u2010 HEALTH\u20102013\u20102.2.1\u20102\u2010603,196 (Project PSYSCAN) and FP7\u2010 HEALTH\u20102013\u20102.2.1\u20102\u2010602,478 (Project METSY); and European Union H2020 Program under the Innovative Medicines Initiative two Joint Undertaking (grant agreement No 115916, Project PRISM, and grant agreement No 777394, Project AIMS\u20102\u2010TRIALS), Fundaci\u00F3n Familia Alonso and Fundaci\u00F3n Alicia Koplowitz. R. A\u2010A is funded by a Miguel Servet contract from the Carlos III Health Institute (CP18/00003). G. B. is supported by the Dutch Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw (grants 91112002 & 91712394). A. S. B. is supported by the Dalglish Family Chair in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grants MOP\u201079518, MOP\u201089066, MOP\u201097800 and MOP\u2010111238, and NIMH grant number U01 MH101723\u201301(3/5). C. E. B. is also supported by the National Institute of Mental Health: RO1 MH085953, R01 MH100900 and 1U01MH119736. N. E. B. is granted the KNAW Academy Professor Award (PAH/6635). V. D. C. is supported by NIH R01 MH094524. S. C. is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3); Helmholtz Initiative and Networking Fund. C. R. K. C. is supported by NIA T32AG058507. E. W. C. C. is supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ontario Mental Health Foundation grant MOP\u201074631 and NIMH grant U01MH101723\u201301(3/5). S. Ci. has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. 945539 (Human Brain Project SGA3). M. C. C. is supported by the Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. N. A. C. is supported by Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00F3n y Desarrollo (ANID Chile) PIA ACT192064. GId. Z. is supported by the NHMRC. J. L. D. and D. E. J. L. are supported by the Wellcome Trust. T. B. C. is supported by NICHD grant PO1\u2010HD070454, NIH grant UO1\u2010MH191719, and NIMH grant R01 MH087636\u201001A1. AMD is supported by U24DA041147. B. D. is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (NCCR Synapsy, project grant numbers 32003B_135679, 32003B_159780, 324730_192755 and CRSK\u20103_190185), the Leenaards Foundation and the Roger De Spoelberch Foundation. SE is supported by the NARSAD\u2010Young Investigator Grant \u201CEpigenetic Regulation of Intermediate Phenotypes in Schizophrenia\u201D. B. E. S. is supported by the NIH (NIMH). D. C. G. is supported by NIH grant numbers MH078143, MH083824, AG058464. W. R. K. is supported by NIH/MH R0106824. R. E. G. is supported by NIH/NIMH grant numbers MH087626, MH119737. DMMcD\u2010McG is supported by National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH), grant numbers MH119737\u201002; MH191719; and MH087636\u201001A1. S. E. M. is supported by NHMRC grants APP1103623; APP1158127; APP1172917. TM is supported by Research Council of Norway \u2010 grant number 273345. D. G. M. is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London and EU\u2010AIMS (European Autism Interventions)/EU AIMS\u20102\u2010TRIALS, a European Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreements 115300 and 777394. T. N. was supported by Stiftelsen KG Jebsen under grant number SKGJ\u2010MED\u2010021. R. A. O. is supported by NIMH R01 MH090553. S. Y. S. has been funded by the Canadain Institutes of Health Research. M. J. O. is supported by MRC Centre grant MR/L010305/1 and Wellcome Trust grant 100,202/Z/12/Z; Dr. Owen has received research support from Takeda. Z. P. is supported by CIHR, CFI, HSFC. B. G. P. is supported by CIHR FDN 143290 and CAIP Chair. G. M. R. is supported by Fondecyt\u2010Chile #1171014 and ANID\u2010Chile ACT192064. A. Re. was supported by a grant from the Swiss National Science Foundation (31003A_182632). DRR is supported by R01 MH120174 (PI: Roalf). This report represents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London (to J. J. R). PSS is supported by NHMRC (Australia) program grant 1093083. J. E. S. is supported by NIH K01\u2010ES026840. S. M. S. is supported by the Epilepsy Society. T. J. S. is supported by NIH grants R01MH107108, R01HD042794, and HDU54079125. I. E. S. is supported by South\u2010Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (#2020060), European Union's Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Programme (CoMorMent project; grant #847776) and the KG Jebsen Foundation (SKGJ\u2010MED\u2010021). V. M. S. is supported by Research Council of Norway (CoE funding scheme, grant number 223273). D. J. S. is supported by the SA MRC. C. K. T. is supported by Research Council of Norway (#230345, #288083, #223273) and South\u2010Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (#2019069, #2021070, #500189). D. T.\u2010G. was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI14/00639 and PI14/00918) and Fundaci\u00F3n Instituto de Investigaci\u00F3n Marqu\u00E9s de Valdecilla (NCT0235832 and NCT02534363). Dvd. M. is supported by Research Council of Norway #276082. F. V. R. is supported by the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar Award. deCODE genetics has received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreements' no. 115008 (NEWMEDS) and no. 115300 (EUAIMS), of which resources are composed of EFPIA in\u2010kind contribution and financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (EU\u2010FP7/2007\u20132013). L. T. W. is supported by Research Council of Norway, European Research Council. The IDIVAL neuroimage unit is supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI020499, research funding SCIII\u2010INT13/0014, MICINN research funding SAF2010\u201020840\u2010C02\u201002, SAF2013\u201046292\u2010R. The TOP/NORMENT study are supported by the Research Council of Norway (#223273). The GOBS study data collection was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants: R01 MH078143, R01 MH078111, and R01 MH083824 with work conducted in part in facilities constructed under the support of NIH grant number C06 RR020547. The Sydney Memory and Ageing Study has been funded by three National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Program Grants (ID No. ID350833, ID568969, and APP1093083). We thank the participants and their informants for their time and generosity in contributing to this research. We also acknowledge the MAS research team: https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/research\u2010projects/sydney\u2010memory\u2010and\u2010ageing\u2010study . We acknowledge the contribution of the OATS research team ( https://cheba.unsw.edu.au/project/older-australian-twins-study ) to this study. The OATS study has been funded by a National Health & Medical Research Council (NHMRC) and Australian Research Council (ARC) Strategic Award Grant of the Aging Well, Aging Productively Program (ID No. 401162); NHMRC Project (seed) Grants (ID No. 1024224 and 1025243); NHMRC Project Grants (ID No. 1045325 and 1085606); and NHMRC Program Grants (ID No. 568969 and 1093083). We thank the participants for their time and generosity in contributing to this research. This research was facilitated through access to Twins Research Australia, a national resource supported by a Centre of Research Excellence Grant (ID No. 1079102) from the National Health and Medical Research Council. The NCNG sample collection was supported by grants from the Bergen Research Foundation and the University of Bergen, the Dr Einar Martens Fund, the KG Jebsen Foundation, the Research Council of Norway, to S. L. H., V. M. S., A. J. L., and T. E. The authors thank Dr. Eike Wehling for recruiting participants in Bergen, and Professor Jonn\u2010Terje Geitung and Haraldplass Deaconess Hospital for access to the MRI facility. Additional support by RCN grants 177458/V50 and 231286/F20. The Betula study was supported by a Wallenberg Scholar Grant (KAW). The HUNT Study is a collaboration between HUNT Research Centre (Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Nord\u2010Tr\u00F8ndelag County Council, Central Norway Health Authority, and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. HUNT\u2010MRI was funded by the Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, and the Norwegian National Advisory Unit for functional MRI. Research for the GAP cohort was supported by the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Specialist Biomedical Research Center for Mental Health award to South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM) and the Institute of Psychiatry at King's College London, London. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. S.J. is supported by Calcul Quebec (http://www.calculquebec.ca), Compute Canada (http://www.computecanada.ca), the Brain Canada Multi investigator research initiative (MIRI), the Institute of Data Valorization (Canada First Research Excellence Fund), CHIR, Canada Research Chairs and the Jeanne et Jean Louis Levesque Foundation. O. A. A. is a Speaker's honorarium at Lundbeck, Consultant at HealthLytix. K. M. A. has received investigator\u2010initiated research funds from Shire and has participated in an advisory panel for Arbor Pharmaceuticals. C. A. has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Angelini, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Minerva, Otsuka, Roche, Sage, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovion, and Takeda. P. M. T. and C. R. K. C. have received partial research support from Biogen, Inc. (Boston) for work unrelated to the topic of this manuscript. D. P. H. is a full\u2010time employee of Genentech, Inc. A. M. D. is a Founder of and holds equity in CorTechs Labs, Inc, and serves on its Scientific Advisory Board. H. S., M. O. U., G. B. W., K. S. are employees of deCODE genetics/Amgen. H. J. G. has received travel grants and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier, and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. JH has received speakers honoraria from Lilly, Biocodex, HB\u2010Pharma, Medice, Takeda, and Shire. D. J. S. has received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from Lundbeck and Servier. F. V.\u2010R. receives research support from CIHR, Brain Canada, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, and in\u2010kind equipment support for this investigator\u2010initiated trial from MagVenture. F. V.\u2010R. has also participated in an advisory board for Janssen. The NTR cohort was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), MW904\u201061\u2010193 (de Geus & Boomsma), MaGWnr: 400\u201007\u2010080 (van 't Ent), MagW 480\u201004\u2010004 (Boomsma), NWO/SPI 56\u2010464\u201014,192 (Boomsma), the European Research Council, ERC\u2010230374 (Boomsma), and Amsterdam Neuroscience. Funding for genotyping was obtained from the National Institutes of Health (NIMH U24 MH068457\u201006; Grand Opportunity grants 1RC2 MH089951, and 1RC2 MH089995); the Avera Institute for Human Genetics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA). Part of the genotyping and analyses were funded by the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health. The Brainscale study was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research MagW 480\u201004\u2010004 (Boomsma), 51.02.060 (Hilleke Hulshoff Pol), 668.772 (Boomsma & Hulshoff Pol); NWO/SPI 56\u2010464\u201014192 (Boomsma), the European Research Council (ERC230374) (Boomsma), High Potential Grant Utrecht University (Hulshoff Pol), NWO Brain and Cognition 433\u201009\u2010220 (Hulshoff Pol). SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg\u2010West Pomerania. Genome\u2010wide SNP typing in SHIP and MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP\u2010TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg\u2010West Pomerania. The ENIGMA\u201022q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group wishes to acknowledge our dear colleague Dr. Clodagh Murphy, who sadly passed away in April 2020. Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. European Union's Horizon2020 Research and Innovation Programme, Grant/Award Number: CoMorMent project; Grant #847776; KG Jebsen Stiftelsen; National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Number: U54 EB020403; Norges Forskningsr\u00E5d, Grant/Award Number: #223273; South\u2010Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority, Grant/Award Number: #2020060 Funding information