Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes

Jair J. Gaspar-Junior; Rodolfo A. Dellagrana; Fernando S.S. Barbosa; Ana P. Anghinoni; Charles Taciro; Rodrigo L. Carregaro; Paula F. Martinez; Silvio A. Oliveira-Junior

doi:10.3390/life12050683

Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes

Jair J. Gaspar-Junior, Rodolfo A. Dellagrana, Fernando S.S. Barbosa, Ana P. Anghinoni, Charles Taciro, Rodrigo L. Carregaro, Paula F. Martinez, Silvio A. Oliveira-Junior^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Health Sciences

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Cold-Water-Immersion (CWI) has been frequently used to accelerate muscle recovery and to improve performance after fatigue onset. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of different CWI temperatures on neuromuscular activity on quadriceps after acute fatigue protocol. Thirty-six young athletes (16.9 ± 1.4 years-old; 72.1 ± 13.8 kg; 178.4 ± 7.2 cm) were divided into three groups: passive recovery group (PRG); CWI at 5^◦C group (5G); and CWI at 10^◦C group (10G). All participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol; afterwards, PRG performed a passive recovery (rest), while 5G and 10G were submitted to CWI by means of 5^◦C and 10^◦C temperatures during 10 min, respectively. Fatigue protocol was performed by knee extension at 40% of isometric peak force from maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Electromyography was used to evaluate neuromuscular performance. The passive recovery and CWI at 5^◦C were associated with normalized isometric force and quadriceps activation amplitude from 15 until 120 min after exercise-induced fatigue (F = 7.169, p < 0.001). CWI at 5^◦C and 10^◦C showed higher muscle activation (F = 6.850, p < 0.001) and lower median frequency (MF) than passive recovery after 15 and 30 min of fatigue (F = 5.386, p < 0.001). For neuromuscular efficiency (NME) recovery, while PRG normalized NME values after 15 min, 5G and 10G exhibited these responses after 60 and 30 min (F = 4.330, p < 0.01), respectively. Passive recovery and CWI at 5^◦C and 10^◦C revealed similar effects in terms of recovery of muscle strength and NME, but ice interventions resulted in higher quadriceps activation recovery.

Original language	English
Article number	683
Journal	Life
Volume	12
Issue number	5
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/life12050683
Publication status	Published - May 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funding: This research was funded by Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Financial Code 001.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Keywords

athletic performance
fatigue
ice
muscle strength

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@article{bd3419e5cf994df0a450346dd786a9d9,

title = "Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes",

abstract = "Cold-Water-Immersion (CWI) has been frequently used to accelerate muscle recovery and to improve performance after fatigue onset. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of different CWI temperatures on neuromuscular activity on quadriceps after acute fatigue protocol. Thirty-six young athletes (16.9 ± 1.4 years-old; 72.1 ± 13.8 kg; 178.4 ± 7.2 cm) were divided into three groups: passive recovery group (PRG); CWI at 5◦C group (5G); and CWI at 10◦C group (10G). All participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol; afterwards, PRG performed a passive recovery (rest), while 5G and 10G were submitted to CWI by means of 5◦C and 10◦C temperatures during 10 min, respectively. Fatigue protocol was performed by knee extension at 40% of isometric peak force from maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Electromyography was used to evaluate neuromuscular performance. The passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C were associated with normalized isometric force and quadriceps activation amplitude from 15 until 120 min after exercise-induced fatigue (F = 7.169, p < 0.001). CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C showed higher muscle activation (F = 6.850, p < 0.001) and lower median frequency (MF) than passive recovery after 15 and 30 min of fatigue (F = 5.386, p < 0.001). For neuromuscular efficiency (NME) recovery, while PRG normalized NME values after 15 min, 5G and 10G exhibited these responses after 60 and 30 min (F = 4.330, p < 0.01), respectively. Passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C revealed similar effects in terms of recovery of muscle strength and NME, but ice interventions resulted in higher quadriceps activation recovery.",

keywords = "athletic performance, fatigue, ice, muscle strength",

author = "Gaspar-Junior, {Jair J.} and Dellagrana, {Rodolfo A.} and Barbosa, {Fernando S.S.} and Anghinoni, {Ana P.} and Charles Taciro and Carregaro, {Rodrigo L.} and Martinez, {Paula F.} and Oliveira-Junior, {Silvio A.}",

note = "Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); Funda{\c c}{\~a}o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci{\^e}ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient{\'i}fico e Tecnol{\'o}gico (CNPq), and Coordena{\c c}{\~a}o de Aperfei{\c c}oamento de Pessoal de N{\'i}vel Superior (CAPES)—Financial Code 001. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).",

year = "2022",

month = may,

doi = "10.3390/life12050683",

language = "English",

volume = "12",

journal = "Life",

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T1 - Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes

AU - Gaspar-Junior, Jair J.

AU - Dellagrana, Rodolfo A.

AU - Barbosa, Fernando S.S.

AU - Anghinoni, Ana P.

AU - Taciro, Charles

AU - Carregaro, Rodrigo L.

AU - Martinez, Paula F.

AU - Oliveira-Junior, Silvio A.

N1 - Funding Information: Funding: This research was funded by Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS); Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)—Financial Code 001. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

PY - 2022/5

Y1 - 2022/5

N2 - Cold-Water-Immersion (CWI) has been frequently used to accelerate muscle recovery and to improve performance after fatigue onset. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of different CWI temperatures on neuromuscular activity on quadriceps after acute fatigue protocol. Thirty-six young athletes (16.9 ± 1.4 years-old; 72.1 ± 13.8 kg; 178.4 ± 7.2 cm) were divided into three groups: passive recovery group (PRG); CWI at 5◦C group (5G); and CWI at 10◦C group (10G). All participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol; afterwards, PRG performed a passive recovery (rest), while 5G and 10G were submitted to CWI by means of 5◦C and 10◦C temperatures during 10 min, respectively. Fatigue protocol was performed by knee extension at 40% of isometric peak force from maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Electromyography was used to evaluate neuromuscular performance. The passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C were associated with normalized isometric force and quadriceps activation amplitude from 15 until 120 min after exercise-induced fatigue (F = 7.169, p < 0.001). CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C showed higher muscle activation (F = 6.850, p < 0.001) and lower median frequency (MF) than passive recovery after 15 and 30 min of fatigue (F = 5.386, p < 0.001). For neuromuscular efficiency (NME) recovery, while PRG normalized NME values after 15 min, 5G and 10G exhibited these responses after 60 and 30 min (F = 4.330, p < 0.01), respectively. Passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C revealed similar effects in terms of recovery of muscle strength and NME, but ice interventions resulted in higher quadriceps activation recovery.

AB - Cold-Water-Immersion (CWI) has been frequently used to accelerate muscle recovery and to improve performance after fatigue onset. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the effects of different CWI temperatures on neuromuscular activity on quadriceps after acute fatigue protocol. Thirty-six young athletes (16.9 ± 1.4 years-old; 72.1 ± 13.8 kg; 178.4 ± 7.2 cm) were divided into three groups: passive recovery group (PRG); CWI at 5◦C group (5G); and CWI at 10◦C group (10G). All participants performed a fatigue exercise protocol; afterwards, PRG performed a passive recovery (rest), while 5G and 10G were submitted to CWI by means of 5◦C and 10◦C temperatures during 10 min, respectively. Fatigue protocol was performed by knee extension at 40% of isometric peak force from maximal isometric voluntary contraction. Electromyography was used to evaluate neuromuscular performance. The passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C were associated with normalized isometric force and quadriceps activation amplitude from 15 until 120 min after exercise-induced fatigue (F = 7.169, p < 0.001). CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C showed higher muscle activation (F = 6.850, p < 0.001) and lower median frequency (MF) than passive recovery after 15 and 30 min of fatigue (F = 5.386, p < 0.001). For neuromuscular efficiency (NME) recovery, while PRG normalized NME values after 15 min, 5G and 10G exhibited these responses after 60 and 30 min (F = 4.330, p < 0.01), respectively. Passive recovery and CWI at 5◦C and 10◦C revealed similar effects in terms of recovery of muscle strength and NME, but ice interventions resulted in higher quadriceps activation recovery.

KW - athletic performance

KW - fatigue

KW - ice

KW - muscle strength

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JO - Life

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ER -

Efficacy of Different Cold-Water Immersion Temperatures on Neuromotor Performance in Young Athletes

Abstract

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Keywords

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