Elucidating the Trends in Reactivity of Aza-1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

Trevor A. Hamlin*, Dennis Svatunek, Song Yu, Lars Ridder, Ivan Infante, Lucas Visscher, F. Matthias Bickelhaupt

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to JournalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

This report describes a density functional theory investigation into the reactivities of a series of aza-1,3-dipoles with ethylene at the BP86/TZ2P level. A benchmark study was carried out using QMflows, a newly developed program for automated workflows of quantum chemical calculations. In total, 24 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DCA) reactions were benchmarked using the highly accurate G3B3 method as a reference. We screened a number of exchange and correlation functionals, including PBE, OLYP, BP86, BLYP, both with and without explicit dispersion corrections, to assess their accuracies and to determine which of these computationally efficient functionals performed the best for calculating the energetics for cycloaddition reactions. The BP86/TZ2P method produced the smallest errors for the activation and reaction enthalpies. Then, to understand the factors controlling the reactivity in these reactions, seven archetypal aza-1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were investigated using the activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. Our investigations highlight the fact that differences in activation barrier for these 1,3-DCA reactions do not arise from differences in strain energy of the dipole, as previously proposed. Instead, relative reactivities originate from differences in interaction energy. Analysis of the 1,3-dipole–dipolarophile interactions reveals the reactivity trends primarily result from differences in the extent of the primary orbital interactions.

Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)378-386
Number of pages9
JournalEuropean Journal of Organic Chemistry
Volume2019
Issue number2
Early online date29 Jun 2018
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 23 Jan 2019

Bibliographical note

Special Issue: Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Keywords

  • Activation strain model
  • Cycloaddition
  • Density functional calculations
  • Orbital interactions
  • Reaction mechanisms

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