Abstract
This report describes a density functional theory investigation into the reactivities of a series of aza-1,3-dipoles with ethylene at the BP86/TZ2P level. A benchmark study was carried out using QMflows, a newly developed program for automated workflows of quantum chemical calculations. In total, 24 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DCA) reactions were benchmarked using the highly accurate G3B3 method as a reference. We screened a number of exchange and correlation functionals, including PBE, OLYP, BP86, BLYP, both with and without explicit dispersion corrections, to assess their accuracies and to determine which of these computationally efficient functionals performed the best for calculating the energetics for cycloaddition reactions. The BP86/TZ2P method produced the smallest errors for the activation and reaction enthalpies. Then, to understand the factors controlling the reactivity in these reactions, seven archetypal aza-1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were investigated using the activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. Our investigations highlight the fact that differences in activation barrier for these 1,3-DCA reactions do not arise from differences in strain energy of the dipole, as previously proposed. Instead, relative reactivities originate from differences in interaction energy. Analysis of the 1,3-dipole–dipolarophile interactions reveals the reactivity trends primarily result from differences in the extent of the primary orbital interactions.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 378-386 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | European Journal of Organic Chemistry |
| Volume | 2019 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| Early online date | 29 Jun 2018 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 23 Jan 2019 |
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Bibliographical note
Special Issue: Organic Reaction MechanismsKeywords
- Activation strain model
- Cycloaddition
- Density functional calculations
- Orbital interactions
- Reaction mechanisms
Cite this
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Elucidating the Trends in Reactivity of Aza-1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. / Hamlin, Trevor A.; Svatunek, Dennis; Yu, Song; Ridder, Lars; Infante, Ivan; Visscher, Lucas; Bickelhaupt, F. Matthias.
In: European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 2019, No. 2, 23.01.2019, p. 378-386.Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review
TY - JOUR
T1 - Elucidating the Trends in Reactivity of Aza-1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions
AU - Hamlin, Trevor A.
AU - Svatunek, Dennis
AU - Yu, Song
AU - Ridder, Lars
AU - Infante, Ivan
AU - Visscher, Lucas
AU - Bickelhaupt, F. Matthias
N1 - Special Issue: Organic Reaction Mechanisms
PY - 2019/1/23
Y1 - 2019/1/23
N2 - This report describes a density functional theory investigation into the reactivities of a series of aza-1,3-dipoles with ethylene at the BP86/TZ2P level. A benchmark study was carried out using QMflows, a newly developed program for automated workflows of quantum chemical calculations. In total, 24 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DCA) reactions were benchmarked using the highly accurate G3B3 method as a reference. We screened a number of exchange and correlation functionals, including PBE, OLYP, BP86, BLYP, both with and without explicit dispersion corrections, to assess their accuracies and to determine which of these computationally efficient functionals performed the best for calculating the energetics for cycloaddition reactions. The BP86/TZ2P method produced the smallest errors for the activation and reaction enthalpies. Then, to understand the factors controlling the reactivity in these reactions, seven archetypal aza-1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were investigated using the activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. Our investigations highlight the fact that differences in activation barrier for these 1,3-DCA reactions do not arise from differences in strain energy of the dipole, as previously proposed. Instead, relative reactivities originate from differences in interaction energy. Analysis of the 1,3-dipole–dipolarophile interactions reveals the reactivity trends primarily result from differences in the extent of the primary orbital interactions.
AB - This report describes a density functional theory investigation into the reactivities of a series of aza-1,3-dipoles with ethylene at the BP86/TZ2P level. A benchmark study was carried out using QMflows, a newly developed program for automated workflows of quantum chemical calculations. In total, 24 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1,3-DCA) reactions were benchmarked using the highly accurate G3B3 method as a reference. We screened a number of exchange and correlation functionals, including PBE, OLYP, BP86, BLYP, both with and without explicit dispersion corrections, to assess their accuracies and to determine which of these computationally efficient functionals performed the best for calculating the energetics for cycloaddition reactions. The BP86/TZ2P method produced the smallest errors for the activation and reaction enthalpies. Then, to understand the factors controlling the reactivity in these reactions, seven archetypal aza-1,3-dipolar cycloadditions were investigated using the activation strain model and energy decomposition analysis. Our investigations highlight the fact that differences in activation barrier for these 1,3-DCA reactions do not arise from differences in strain energy of the dipole, as previously proposed. Instead, relative reactivities originate from differences in interaction energy. Analysis of the 1,3-dipole–dipolarophile interactions reveals the reactivity trends primarily result from differences in the extent of the primary orbital interactions.
KW - Activation strain model
KW - Cycloaddition
KW - Density functional calculations
KW - Orbital interactions
KW - Reaction mechanisms
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U2 - 10.1002/ejoc.201800572
DO - 10.1002/ejoc.201800572
M3 - Article
VL - 2019
SP - 378
EP - 386
JO - European Journal of Organic Chemistry
JF - European Journal of Organic Chemistry
SN - 1434-193X
IS - 2
ER -