ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing

Lianne Schmaal; Elena Pozzi; Tiffany C. Ho; Laura S. van Velzen; Ilya M. Veer; Nils Opel; Eus J.W. Van Someren; Laura K.M. Han; Lybomir Aftanas; André Aleman; Bernhard T. Baune; Klaus Berger; Tessa F. Blanken; Liliana Capitão; Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne; Kathryn R. Cullen; Udo Dannlowski; Christopher Davey; Tracy Erwin-Grabner; Jennifer Evans; Thomas Frodl; Cynthia H.Y. Fu; Beata Godlewska; Ian H. Gotlib; Roberto Goya-Maldonado; Hans J. Grabe; Nynke A. Groenewold; Dominik Grotegerd; Oliver Gruber; Boris A. Gutman; Geoffrey B. Hall; Ben J. Harrison; Sean N. Hatton; Marco Hermesdorf; Ian B. Hickie; Eva Hilland; Benson Irungu; Rune Jonassen; Sinead Kelly; Tilo Kircher; Bonnie Klimes-Dougan; Axel Krug; Nils Inge Landrø; Jim Lagopoulos; Jeanne Leerssen; Meng Li; David E.J. Linden; Frank P. MacMaster; Andrew M. McIntosh; David M.A. Mehler; Igor Nenadić; Brenda W.J.H. Penninx; Maria J. Portella; Liesbeth Reneman; Miguel E. Rentería; Matthew D. Sacchet; Philipp G. Sämann; Anouk Schrantee; Kang Sim; Jair C. Soares; Dan J. Stein; Leonardo Tozzi; Nic J.A. van Der Wee; Marie José van Tol; Robert Vermeiren; Yolanda Vives-Gilabert; Henrik Walter; Martin Walter; Heather C. Whalley; Katharina Wittfeld; Sarah Whittle; Margaret J. Wright; Tony T. Yang; Carlos Zarate; Sophia I. Thomopoulos; Neda Jahanshad; Paul M. Thompson; Dick J. Veltman

doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing

Lianne Schmaal^*, Elena Pozzi, Tiffany C. Ho, Laura S. van Velzen, Ilya M. Veer, Nils Opel, Eus J.W. Van Someren, Laura K.M. Han, Lybomir Aftanas, André Aleman, Bernhard T. Baune, Klaus Berger, Tessa F. Blanken, Liliana Capitão, Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne, Kathryn R. Cullen, Udo Dannlowski, Christopher Davey, Tracy Erwin-Grabner, Jennifer EvansThomas Frodl, Cynthia H.Y. Fu, Beata Godlewska, Ian H. Gotlib, Roberto Goya-Maldonado, Hans J. Grabe, Nynke A. Groenewold, Dominik Grotegerd, Oliver Gruber, Boris A. Gutman, Geoffrey B. Hall, Ben J. Harrison, Sean N. Hatton, Marco Hermesdorf, Ian B. Hickie, Eva Hilland, Benson Irungu, Rune Jonassen, Sinead Kelly, Tilo Kircher, Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, Axel Krug, Nils Inge Landrø, Jim Lagopoulos, Jeanne Leerssen, Meng Li, David E.J. Linden, Frank P. MacMaster, Andrew M. McIntosh, David M.A. Mehler, Igor Nenadić, Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Maria J. Portella, Liesbeth Reneman, Miguel E. Rentería, Matthew D. Sacchet, Philipp G. Sämann, Anouk Schrantee, Kang Sim, Jair C. Soares, Dan J. Stein, Leonardo Tozzi, Nic J.A. van Der Wee, Marie José van Tol, Robert Vermeiren, Yolanda Vives-Gilabert, Henrik Walter, Martin Walter, Heather C. Whalley, Katharina Wittfeld, Sarah Whittle, Margaret J. Wright, Tony T. Yang, Carlos Zarate, Sophia I. Thomopoulos, Neda Jahanshad, Paul M. Thompson, Dick J. Veltman

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Review article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.

Original language	English
Article number	172
Pages (from-to)	1-19
Number of pages	19
Journal	Translational Psychiatry
Volume	10
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6
Publication status	Published - 29 May 2020

Funding

ENIGMA MDD work is supported by NIH grants U54 EB020403 (Thompson), R01 MH116147 (Thompson), and R01 MH117601 (Jahanshad & Schmaal). LS was supported by an NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (1140764). AFFDIS cohort: this study was funded by the University Medical Center Goettingen (UMG Startfoerderung) and the research team is supported by German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01 ZX 1507, “PreNeSt - e:Med”). Barcelona cohort: MJP is funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación of the Spanish Government and by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through a ‘Miguel Servet’ research contract (CP16–0020); National Research Plan (Plan Estatal de I + D + I 2016–2019); and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). BRC DeCC cohort: CHYF is supported by NIHR BRC. Calgary cohort: supported by Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Branch Out Neurological Foundation. Cardiff cohort: supported by the Medical Research Council (grant G 1100629) and the National Center for Mental Health (NCMH), funded by Health Research Wales (HS/14/20). CLING cohort: this study was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) via grants to OG (GR1950/5–1 and GR1950/10–1). CODE cohort: Henrik Walter is supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WA 1539/4–1). The CODE cohort was collected from studies funded by Lundbeck and the German Research Foundation (WA 1539/4–1, SCHN 1205/3–1, SCHR443/11–1). DIP-Groningen cohort: this study was supported by the Gratama Foundation, the Netherlands (2012/35 to NG). Edinburgh cohort: The research leading to these results was supported by IMAGEMEND, which received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 602450. This paper reflects only the author’s views and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. This work was also supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award 104036/Z/14/Z. FOR2107-Marburg cohort: funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 KR 3822/7–2 to AK; FOR2107 KI 588/14–2 to TK and FOR2107 JA 1890/7–2 to AJ). Houston cohorts: supported in part by NIMH grant R01 085667 and the Dunn Research Foundation. JCS is supported by the Pat Rutherford, Jr. Endowed Chair in Psychiatry. IMH Study cohort: supported by funding from NHG (SIG/15012) and NMRC CISSP (2018). Melbourne cohort: funded by National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Project Grants 1064643 (Principal Investigator BJH) and 1024570 (Principal Investigator CGD). Minnesota cohort: the study was funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH090421; Dr. Cullen) and Biotechnology Research Center (P41 RR008079; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research), the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression, the University of Minnesota Graduate School, and the Minnesota Medical Foundation. This work was carried out in part using computing resources at the University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute. Münster cohort: funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant FOR2107 DA1151/5–1 and DA1151/5–2 to UD; SFB-TRR58, Projects C09 and Z02 to UD) and the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the medical faculty of Münster (grant Dan3/012/17 to UD). NESDA cohort: The infrastructure for the NESDA study (www.nesda.nl) is funded through the Geestkracht program of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zon-Mw, grant number 10–000–1002) and is supported by participating universities (VU University Medical Center, GGZ inGeest, Arkin, Leiden University Medical Center, GGZ Rivierduinen, University Medical Center Groningen) and mental health care organizations, see www. nesda.nl. Pharmo cohort: supported by ERA-NET PRIOMEDCHILD FP 6 (EU) grant 11.32050.26. PSYABM-NORMENT: supported by the Research Council of Norway (project number 229135). The South East Norway Health Authority Research Funding (project number 2015052). The Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway. San Francisco cohort: supported by NIH/NCCIH 1R61AT009864–01A1. NIMH R01MH085734. SHIP and SHIP-trend cohorts: SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants no. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. MRI scans in SHIP and SHIP-TREND have been supported by a joint grant from Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Stanford cohorts: this work was supported by NIH grant R37 MH101495. The BiDirect Study was supported by grants from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grants FKZ-01ER0816 and FKZ-01ER1506). MDS is partially supported by an award funded by the Phyllis and Jerome Lyle Rappaport Foundation. TCH is supported by NIMH grant 5K01MH117442. EJWVS, JL, and TFB are supported by European Research Council grant no. ERC-ADG-2014–671084 INSOMNIA. TFB is supported by a VU University Amsterdam University Research Fellowship 2016–2017. JL is supported by a VU University Amsterdam University Research Fellowship 2017–2018. HJG has received travel grants and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. DJS has received grants and/or honoraria from Lundbeck and Sun. MDS has received consulting fees from Vorso Corporation. Dr. Zarate is a full-time US government employee. He is listed as a co-inventor on a patent for the use of ketamine and its metabolites in major depression and suicidal ideation. Dr. Zarate has assigned his patent rights to the US government but will share a percentage of any royalties that may be received by the government.

Funders	Funder number
Branch Out Neurological Foundation
Dunn Research Foundation
FP7/2007	602450
Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania	R37 MH101495
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research	5K01MH117442, FKZ-01ER0816, FKZ-01ER1506
Health Research Wales	HS/14/20
IMAGEMEND
IZKF
Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research
Minnesota Medical Foundation	DA1151/5–2, SFB-TRR58, FOR2107 DA1151/5–1
National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia	1064643, 1024570
National Research Plan
University of Minnesota Graduate School
VU University Amsterdam University
National Institutes of Health	1140764
National Institute of Mental Health	R01 MH117601, R01 085667, P41 RR008079, K23MH090421, R01 MH116147
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering	U54EB020403
Wellcome Trust	FOR2107 KI 588/14–2, 104036/Z/14, FOR2107 JA 1890/7–2, FOR2107 KR 3822/7–2
Manchester Biomedical Research Centre
Fresenius Medical Care North America
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Medical Research Council	G 1100629
European Research Council	ERC-ADG-2014–671084
National Health and Medical Research Council
National Medical Research Council
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft	SCHR443/11–1, GR1950/5–1, WA 1539/4–1, GR1950/10–1, SCHN 1205/3–1
ZonMw	10–000–1002
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung	01 ZX 1507
Instituto de Salud Carlos III	CP16–0020
Cultural Affairs and Missions Sector, Ministry of Higher Education
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
Seventh Framework Programme
Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
Norges forskningsråd	01ZZ0403, 229135, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ9603
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Frauen
Gratama Stichting	2012/35
European Regional Development Fund
National Healthcare Group	SIG/15012
H. Lundbeck A/S
National Center for Mental Health
medical faculty of Münster	Dan3/012/17
mental health care organizations	11.32050.26

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Access to Document

10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

Persistent URL (handle)

Copy link address

Cite this

Schmaal, L., Pozzi, E., C. Ho, T., van Velzen, L. S., Veer, I. M., Opel, N., Van Someren, E. J. W., Han, L. K. M., Aftanas, L., Aleman, A., Baune, B. T., Berger, K., Blanken, T. F., Capitão, L., Couvy-Duchesne, B., R. Cullen, K., Dannlowski, U., Davey, C., Erwin-Grabner, T., ... Veltman, D. J. (2020). ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing. Translational Psychiatry, 10, 1-19. Article 172. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

@article{6e12380e9169471f9acf06aee8ebaa30,

title = "ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing",

abstract = "A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.",

author = "Lianne Schmaal and Elena Pozzi and {C. Ho}, Tiffany and {van Velzen}, {Laura S.} and Veer, {Ilya M.} and Nils Opel and {Van Someren}, {Eus J.W.} and Han, {Laura K.M.} and Lybomir Aftanas and Andr{\'e} Aleman and Baune, {Bernhard T.} and Klaus Berger and Blanken, {Tessa F.} and Liliana Capit{\~a}o and Baptiste Couvy-Duchesne and {R. Cullen}, Kathryn and Udo Dannlowski and Christopher Davey and Tracy Erwin-Grabner and Jennifer Evans and Thomas Frodl and Fu, {Cynthia H.Y.} and Beata Godlewska and Gotlib, {Ian H.} and Roberto Goya-Maldonado and Grabe, {Hans J.} and Groenewold, {Nynke A.} and Dominik Grotegerd and Oliver Gruber and Gutman, {Boris A.} and Hall, {Geoffrey B.} and Harrison, {Ben J.} and Hatton, {Sean N.} and Marco Hermesdorf and Hickie, {Ian B.} and Eva Hilland and Benson Irungu and Rune Jonassen and Sinead Kelly and Tilo Kircher and Bonnie Klimes-Dougan and Axel Krug and Landr{\o}, {Nils Inge} and Jim Lagopoulos and Jeanne Leerssen and Meng Li and Linden, {David E.J.} and MacMaster, {Frank P.} and {M. McIntosh}, Andrew and Mehler, {David M.A.} and Igor Nenadi{\'c} and Penninx, {Brenda W.J.H.} and Portella, {Maria J.} and Liesbeth Reneman and Renter{\'i}a, {Miguel E.} and Sacchet, {Matthew D.} and {G. S{\"a}mann}, Philipp and Anouk Schrantee and Kang Sim and Soares, {Jair C.} and Stein, {Dan J.} and Leonardo Tozzi and {van Der Wee}, {Nic J.A.} and {van Tol}, {Marie Jos{\'e}} and Robert Vermeiren and Yolanda Vives-Gilabert and Henrik Walter and Martin Walter and Whalley, {Heather C.} and Katharina Wittfeld and Sarah Whittle and Wright, {Margaret J.} and Yang, {Tony T.} and Carlos Zarate and Thomopoulos, {Sophia I.} and Neda Jahanshad and Thompson, {Paul M.} and Veltman, {Dick J.}",

year = "2020",

month = may,

day = "29",

doi = "10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6",

language = "English",

volume = "10",

pages = "1--19",

journal = "Translational Psychiatry",

issn = "2158-3188",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

}

Schmaal, L, Pozzi, E, C. Ho, T, van Velzen, LS, Veer, IM, Opel, N, Van Someren, EJW, Han, LKM, Aftanas, L, Aleman, A, Baune, BT, Berger, K, Blanken, TF, Capitão, L, Couvy-Duchesne, B, R. Cullen, K, Dannlowski, U, Davey, C, Erwin-Grabner, T, Evans, J, Frodl, T, Fu, CHY, Godlewska, B, Gotlib, IH, Goya-Maldonado, R, Grabe, HJ, Groenewold, NA, Grotegerd, D, Gruber, O, Gutman, BA, Hall, GB, Harrison, BJ, Hatton, SN, Hermesdorf, M, Hickie, IB, Hilland, E, Irungu, B, Jonassen, R, Kelly, S, Kircher, T, Klimes-Dougan, B, Krug, A, Landrø, NI, Lagopoulos, J, Leerssen, J, Li, M, Linden, DEJ, MacMaster, FP, M. McIntosh, A, Mehler, DMA, Nenadić, I, Penninx, BWJH, Portella, MJ, Reneman, L, Rentería, ME, Sacchet, MD, G. Sämann, P, Schrantee, A, Sim, K, Soares, JC, Stein, DJ, Tozzi, L, van Der Wee, NJA, van Tol, MJ, Vermeiren, R, Vives-Gilabert, Y, Walter, H, Walter, M, Whalley, HC, Wittfeld, K, Whittle, S, Wright, MJ, Yang, TT, Zarate, C, Thomopoulos, SI, Jahanshad, N, Thompson, PM & Veltman, DJ 2020, 'ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing', Translational Psychiatry, vol. 10, 172, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

TY - JOUR

T1 - ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing

AU - Schmaal, Lianne

AU - Pozzi, Elena

AU - C. Ho, Tiffany

AU - van Velzen, Laura S.

AU - Veer, Ilya M.

AU - Opel, Nils

AU - Van Someren, Eus J.W.

AU - Han, Laura K.M.

AU - Aftanas, Lybomir

AU - Aleman, André

AU - Baune, Bernhard T.

AU - Berger, Klaus

AU - Blanken, Tessa F.

AU - Capitão, Liliana

AU - Couvy-Duchesne, Baptiste

AU - R. Cullen, Kathryn

AU - Dannlowski, Udo

AU - Davey, Christopher

AU - Erwin-Grabner, Tracy

AU - Evans, Jennifer

AU - Frodl, Thomas

AU - Fu, Cynthia H.Y.

AU - Godlewska, Beata

AU - Gotlib, Ian H.

AU - Goya-Maldonado, Roberto

AU - Grabe, Hans J.

AU - Groenewold, Nynke A.

AU - Grotegerd, Dominik

AU - Gruber, Oliver

AU - Gutman, Boris A.

AU - Hall, Geoffrey B.

AU - Harrison, Ben J.

AU - Hatton, Sean N.

AU - Hermesdorf, Marco

AU - Hickie, Ian B.

AU - Hilland, Eva

AU - Irungu, Benson

AU - Jonassen, Rune

AU - Kelly, Sinead

AU - Kircher, Tilo

AU - Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie

AU - Krug, Axel

AU - Landrø, Nils Inge

AU - Lagopoulos, Jim

AU - Leerssen, Jeanne

AU - Li, Meng

AU - Linden, David E.J.

AU - MacMaster, Frank P.

AU - M. McIntosh, Andrew

AU - Mehler, David M.A.

AU - Nenadić, Igor

AU - Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.

AU - Portella, Maria J.

AU - Reneman, Liesbeth

AU - Rentería, Miguel E.

AU - Sacchet, Matthew D.

AU - G. Sämann, Philipp

AU - Schrantee, Anouk

AU - Sim, Kang

AU - Soares, Jair C.

AU - Stein, Dan J.

AU - Tozzi, Leonardo

AU - van Der Wee, Nic J.A.

AU - van Tol, Marie José

AU - Vermeiren, Robert

AU - Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda

AU - Walter, Henrik

AU - Walter, Martin

AU - Whalley, Heather C.

AU - Wittfeld, Katharina

AU - Whittle, Sarah

AU - Wright, Margaret J.

AU - Yang, Tony T.

AU - Zarate, Carlos

AU - Thomopoulos, Sophia I.

AU - Jahanshad, Neda

AU - Thompson, Paul M.

AU - Veltman, Dick J.

PY - 2020/5/29

Y1 - 2020/5/29

N2 - A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.

AB - A key objective in the field of translational psychiatry over the past few decades has been to identify the brain correlates of major depressive disorder (MDD). Identifying measurable indicators of brain processes associated with MDD could facilitate the detection of individuals at risk, and the development of novel treatments, the monitoring of treatment effects, and predicting who might benefit most from treatments that target specific brain mechanisms. However, despite intensive neuroimaging research towards this effort, underpowered studies and a lack of reproducible findings have hindered progress. Here, we discuss the work of the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Consortium, which was established to address issues of poor replication, unreliable results, and overestimation of effect sizes in previous studies. The ENIGMA MDD Consortium currently includes data from 45 MDD study cohorts from 14 countries across six continents. The primary aim of ENIGMA MDD is to identify structural and functional brain alterations associated with MDD that can be reliably detected and replicated across cohorts worldwide. A secondary goal is to investigate how demographic, genetic, clinical, psychological, and environmental factors affect these associations. In this review, we summarize findings of the ENIGMA MDD disease working group to date and discuss future directions. We also highlight the challenges and benefits of large-scale data sharing for mental health research.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85085688346&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85085688346&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

DO - 10.1038/s41398-020-0842-6

M3 - Review article

C2 - 32472038

AN - SCOPUS:85085688346

SN - 2158-3188

VL - 10

SP - 1

EP - 19

JO - Translational Psychiatry

JF - Translational Psychiatry

M1 - 172

ER -

ENIGMA MDD: seven years of global neuroimaging studies of major depression through worldwide data sharing

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Access to Document

Persistent URL (handle)

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Cite this