Abstract
We provide an overview of the status of Monte-Carlo event generators for high-energy particle physics. Guided by the experimental needs and requirements, we highlight areas of active development, and opportunities for future improvements. Particular emphasis is given to physics models and algorithms that are employed across a variety of experiments. These common themes in event generator development lead to a more comprehensive understanding of physics at the highest energies and intensities, and allow models to be tested against a wealth of data that have been accumulated over the past decades. A cohesive approach to event generator development will allow these models to be further improved and systematic uncertainties to be reduced, directly contributing to future experimental success. Event generators are part of a much larger ecosystem of computational tools. They typically involve a number of unknown model parameters that must be tuned to experimental data, while maintaining the integrity of the underlying physics models. Making both these data, and the analyses with which they have been obtained accessible to future users is an essential aspect of open science and data preservation. It ensures the consistency of physics models across a variety of experiments.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 130 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-225 |
| Number of pages | 225 |
| Journal | SciPost Physics |
| Volume | 16 |
| Issue number | 5 |
| Early online date | 24 May 2024 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - May 2024 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:Copyright J. M. Campbell et al.
Funding
(FRA), acting under Contract No. DE\u2013AC02\u201307CH11359. The work of N. Darvishi is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grants No. 12022514, No. 11875003 and No. 12047503, and CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research YSBR-006, by the Development Program of China under Grant No. 2020YFC2201501 (2021/12/28) and by the CAS President\u2019s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) grant. A. Denner, T. Ohl and G. Pelliccioli are supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF, grant 05H21WWCAA). The work of M. Diefenthaler was supported by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 with the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics. T. Engel is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) under contract 200021_178967. The work of J. R. G is supported by the Royal Society through Grant URF\\R1\\201500. I. Helenius acknowledges support from the Academy of Finland, project number 331545 and has been funded as a part of the CoE in Quark Matter of the Academy of Finland. S. Jadach partly supported by the funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant agreement no. 951754 and from the National Science Centre, Poland, Grant no. 2019/34/E/ST2/00457. The work of A. Jentsch and Z. Tu was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, and A. Jentsch was also supported by the Program Development program at Brookhaven National Laboratory. S. Klein, B. Nachman and C. Wilkinson are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science under contract DE-AC02-05CH11231. F. Kling and J.R. Reuter are supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemein-schaft (DFG, German Research Association) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy-EXC2121 \u201CQuantum Universe\u201D-39083330. C. Krause is supported by DOE grant DOE-SC0010008. M.R. Masouminia is supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant numbers ST/P001246/1). The work of J. McFayden was supported by the Royal Society Fellowship Grant URF\\R1\\201519. L. Pickering is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF\\R1\\211661). V. Pandey acknowledges the support from US DOE under grant DE-SC0009824. C.T. Preuss is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) under contract 200021-197130. A. C. Price is supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 945422. L. Rottoli is supported by the SNF grant PZ00P2_201878. This work is supported by the Royal Society through a University Research Fellowship (URF\\R1\\180549: M. Sch\u00F6nherr) and an Enhancement Award (RGF\\EA\\181033 and CEC19\\100349: W. Ju, M. Sch\u00F6nherr) as well as the STFC under grant agreement ST/P001246/1 (L. Flower, M. Sch\u00F6nherr). S. Schumann acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant 05H21MGCAB) and the German Research Foundation (DFG, project number 456104544). The work of A. Siodmok and J. Whitehead is supported also by the National Science Centre, Poland, (Grant no. 2019/34/E/ST2/00457) The work of A. Siodmok was also funded by the Priority Research Area Digiworld under the program Excellence Initiative -Research University at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. T. Sj\u00F6strand is supported by the Swedish Research Council, contract number 2016-05996. P. Skands is supported by ARC grant DP170100708. J.T. Sobczyk was supported by NCN grant UMO-2021/41/B/ST2/02778. D. Soldin acknowledges support from the NSF Grant PHY-1913607. The work of D. Soper was supported by the United States Department of Energy under grant DE-SC0011640. S. Tro-janowski is supported by the grant \u201CAstroCeNT: Particle Astrophysics Science and Technology Centre\u201D carried out within the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists (decision no 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019). R. Winterhalder is supported by FRS-FNRS (Belgian National Scientific Research Fund) IISN projects 4.4503.16. The work by K. Zapp has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 803183, collectiveQCD). This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The work is funded by LANL\u2019s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD/PRD) program under project number 20210968PRD4. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). This research is supported in parts by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under grant 396021762-TRR 257. Much of the event generator development described above was performed in the context of the MCnet collaboration, which received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Innovative Training Network MCnetITN3 (grant agreement no. 722104). Funding information The work of S. Alioli, A. Broggio, A. Gavardi, S. Kallweit, G. Marinelli, D. Napoletano and R. Nagar is supported by the ERC Starting Grant REINVENT 714788. S. Ali-oli also acknowledges funding from Fondazione Cariplo and Regione Lombardia, grant 2017-2070 and from MIUR through the FARE grant R18ZRBEAFC. The work by M. D. Baker was supported by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 with the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. This work is supported by a Royal Society Research Professorship (RP\\R1\\180112: M. van Beekveld, G. P .Salam, L. Scyboz), by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 788223, PanScales: M. Dasgupta, S. Ferrario Ravasio, K. Hamilton, A. Karlberg, R. Medves, G. P .Salam, A. Soto-Ontoso, G. Soyez and R. Verheyen), and by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grants ST/T000864/1 (M. van Beekveld, G. P. Salam), ST/T001038/1 (M. Dasgupta, M. H. Seymour), ST/T000856/1 (K. Hamilton) and ST/T000694/1 (B. R. Webber). The work of J. M. Campbell, S. Gardiner, T. Hobbs, S. Hoeche, J. Isaacson, S. W. Li, P. Machado, S. Mrenna, N. Rocco and M. Wagman was supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC The work of S. Alioli, A. Broggio, A. Gavardi, S. Kallweit, G. Marinelli, D. Napoletano and R. Nagar is supported by the ERC Starting Grant REINVENT 714788. S. Alioli also acknowledges funding from Fondazione Cariplo and Regione Lombardia, grant 2017-2070 and from MIUR through the FARE grant R18ZRBEAFC. The work by M. D. Baker was supported by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 with the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics and by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-SC0012704. This work is supported by a Royal Society Research Professorship (RP\\R1\\180112: M. van Beekveld, G. P .Salam, L. Scyboz), by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 788223, PanScales: M. Dasgupta, S. Ferrario Ravasio, K. Hamilton, A. Karlberg, R. Medves, G. P .Salam, A. Soto-Ontoso, G. Soyez and R. Verheyen), and by the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) under grants ST/T000864/1 (M. van Beekveld, G. P. Salam), ST/T001038/1 (M. Dasgupta, M. H. Seymour), ST/T000856/1 (K. Hamilton) and ST/T000694/1 (B. R. Webber). The work of J. M. Campbell, S. Gardiner, T. Hobbs, S. Hoeche, J. Isaacson, S. W. Li, P. Machado, S. Mrenna, N. Rocco and M. Wagman was supported by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), a U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, HEP User Facility. Fermilab is managed by Fermi Research Alliance, LLC (FRA), acting under Contract No. DE\u2013AC02\u201307CH11359. The work of N. Darvishi is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under grants No. 12022514, No. 11875003 and No. 12047503, and CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research YSBR-006, by the Development Program of China under Grant No. 2020YFC2201501 (2021/12/28) and by the CAS President\u2019s International Fellowship Initiative (PIFI) grant. A. Denner, T. Ohl and G. Pelliccioli are supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF, grant 05H21WWCAA). The work of M. Diefenthaler was supported by Jefferson Science Associates, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-06OR23177 with the DOE, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics. T. Engel is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) under contract 200021_178967. The work of J. R. G is supported by the Royal Society through Grant URF\\R1\\201500. I. Helenius acknowledges support from the Academy of Finland, project number 331545 and has been funded as a part of the CoE in Quark Matter of the Academy of Finland. S. Jadach partly supported by the funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant agreement no. 951754 and from the National Science Centre, Poland, Grant no. 2019/34/E/ST2/00457. The work of A. Jentsch and Z. Tu was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-SC0012704, and A. Jentsch was also supported by the Program Development program at Brookhaven National Laboratory. S. Klein, B. Nachman and C. Wilkinson are supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science under contract DEAC02-05CH11231. F. Kling and J.R. Reuter are supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Association) under Germany\u2019s Excellence Strategy-EXC2121 \u201CQuantum Universe\u201D-39083330. C. Krause is supported by DOE grant DOE-SC0010008. M.R. Masouminia is supported by the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant numbers ST/P001246/1). The work of J. McFayden was supported by the Royal Society Fellowship Grant URF\\R1\\201519. L. Pickering is supported by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (URF\\R1\\211661). V. Pandey acknowledges the support from US DOE under grant DE-SC0009824. C.T. Preuss is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) under contract 200021-197130. A. C. Price is supported by the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant agreement No 945422. L. Rottoli is supported by the SNF grant PZ00P2_201878. This work is supported by the Royal Society through a University Research Fellowship (URF\\R1\\180549: M. Sch\u00F6nherr) and an Enhancement Award (RGF\\EA\\181033 and CEC19\\100349: W. Ju, M. Sch\u00F6nherr) as well as the STFC under grant agreement ST/P001246/1 (L. Flower, M. Sch\u00F6nherr). S. Schumann acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, grant 05H21MGCAB) and the German Research Foundation (DFG, project number 456104544). The work of A. Siodmok and J. Whitehead is supported also by the National Science Centre, Poland, (Grant no. 2019/34/E/ST2/00457) The work of A. Siodmok was also funded by the Priority Research Area Digiworld under the program Excellence Initiative - Research University at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. T. Sj\u00F6strand is supported by the Swedish Research Council, contract number 2016-05996. P. Skands is supported by ARC grant DP170100708. J.T. Sobczyk was supported by NCN grant UMO-2021/41/B/ST2/02778. D. Soldin acknowledges support from the NSF Grant PHY-1913607. The work of D. Soper was supported by the United States Department of Energy under grant DE-SC0011640. S. Trojanowski is supported by the grant \u201CAstroCeNT: Particle Astrophysics Science and Technology Centre\u201D carried out within the International Research Agendas programme of the Foundation for Polish Science financed by the European Union under the European Regional Development Fund and by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education through its scholarship for young and outstanding scientists (decision no 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019). R. Winterhalder is supported by FRS-FNRS (Belgian National Scientific Research Fund) IISN projects 4.4503.16. The work by K. Zapp has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 803183, collectiveQCD). This research used resources of the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility, which is a DOE Office of Science User Facility supported under Contract DE-AC02-06CH11357. The work is funded by LANL\u2019s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD/PRD) program under project number 20210968PRD4. Los Alamos National Laboratory is operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of U.S. Department of Energy (Contract No. 89233218CNA000001). This research is supported in parts by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under grant 396021762-TRR 257. Much of the event generator development described above was performed in the context of the MCnet collaboration, which received funding from the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme as part of the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Innovative Training Network MCnetITN3 (grant agreement no. 722104).
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Research University | |
| Jagiellonian University | |
| Automotive Research Center | |
| Engineering Research Centers | |
| Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network MCnetITN3 | |
| European Commission | |
| California Department of Fish and Game | |
| Priority Research Area Digiworld | |
| Fermilab | |
| Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca | |
| Laboratory Directed Research and Development | |
| European Research Council | |
| European Regional Development Fund | |
| Nuclear Physics | |
| Office of Science | DE-AC02-06CH11357 |
| Fermi Research Alliance, LLC | DE–AC02–07CH11359 |
| Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 788223, 951754, 722104 |
| U.S. Department of Energy | DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-SC0012704, DE-SC0011640 |
| Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | -39083330, 456104544, DOE-SC0010008 |
| Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS | 4.4503.16, 803183 |
| Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung | 05H21MGCAB, 05H21WWCAA |
| Food Allergy Research and Education | R18ZRBEAFC |
| National Science Foundation | PHY-1913607 |
| Jefferson Science Associates, LLC | DE-AC05-06OR23177 |
| National Natural Science Foundation of China | 12047503, 11875003, 12022514 |
| Australian Research Council | DP170100708 |
| Royal Society | RP\R1\180112, URF\R1\201500 |
| National Nuclear Security Administration | 89233218CNA000001, 396021762-TRR 257 |
| H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions | PZ00P2_201878, 945422, RGF\EA\181033, CEC19\100349, URF\R1\180549 |
| Center for African Studies | YSBR-006 |
| Narodowe Centrum Nauki | UMO-2021/41/B/ST2/02778, 2019/34/E/ST2/00457, DEAC02-05CH11231 |
| Science and Technology Facilities Council | ST/T000864/1, URF\R1\201519, 200021-197130, URF\R1\211661, ST/T000694/1, DE-SC0009824, ST/P001246/1, ST/T001038/1, ST/T000856/1 |
| School Nutrition Foundation | 200021_178967 |
| PRD | 20210968PRD4 |
| Development Program of China | 2020YFC2201501, 2021/12/28 |
| Research Council of Finland | 331545 |
| Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki | 1190/E-78/STYP/14/2019 |
| Vetenskapsrådet | 2016-05996 |
| Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung | 178967, 201878 |
| Fondazione Cariplo and Regione Lombardia | 2017-2070 |
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