Experiments on fiscal federalism in the netherlands: Institutional coordination of parking policy in urban networks

Parking is an issue that is increasingly calling for attention in policy making and in scientific research. The main reason for this is the existence of parking externalities, mainly in urban areas. One can think, for instance, of the time that is spent on searching for a parking space, especially in cities and during the weekend. There are various market imperfections in the market for parking, such as congestion costs and information problems, leading to substantial inefficiencies in parking behaviour (that is, search and waiting costs). Many local authorities have therefore introduced parking tariffs or put restrictions on parking duration and supply in order to internalize some of the externalities.