Factors associated with patients’ demand for low-value care: a scoping review

Background: Low-value care is unnecessary care that contributes to inefficient use of health resources and constitutes a considerable proportion of healthcare expenditures worldwide. Factors contributing to patients’ demand for low-value care have often been overlooked and are dispersed in the literature. Therefore, the current study aimed to systematically summarize factors associated with patients’ demand for low-value care. Methods: In this scoping review, scientific articles were identified based on a search query conducted in Embase and Scopus. We identified articles using search terms related to low-value care and demand-related factors, published in peer-reviewed journals, and written in English or Dutch. The titles, abstracts, results, and conclusions were inspected to only include articles that were deemed relevant for this topic. From these articles we extracted text fragments that contained factors associated with patients’ demand for low-value care. Hereafter, a thematic analysis was applied to openly, axially, and selectively code textual fragments to identify themes within the data. Results: Forty-seven articles were included in this review. We identified eight core themes associated with patients’ demand for low-value care: cognitive biases, emotions, preferences and expectations, knowledge-related factors, socio-cultural factors, biomedical and care-related factors, economic factors, and factors related to the interaction with the healthcare provider. Within these core themes, thirty-three subthemes were identified. For example, risk aversion and anticipated regret aversion are sub-themes of cognitive biases, while consumerism and present and future income effects are sub-themes of economic factors. Conclusions: Through this review we provide a systematic overview of factors associated with the demand for low-value care. We found that patients’ demand for low-value care could relate to a multitude of factors that were clustered into eight core themes and thirty-three subthemes. To understand the demand for low-value care from the patient’s perspective in greater detail, future research should focus on the interaction between and importance of these factors in different care contexts.