Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface

Kétlin Fagundes Teixeira; Pablo Machado Soares; Luiza Freitas Brum Souza; Gabriel Bauken; Fernanda Cocco; Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan; João Paulo Mendes Tribst; Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira; Luiz Felipe Valandro; Ana Carolina Cadore-Rodrigues

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931

Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface

Kétlin Fagundes Teixeira, Pablo Machado Soares, Luiza Freitas Brum Souza, Gabriel Bauken, Fernanda Cocco, Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan, João Paulo Mendes Tribst, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira, Luiz Felipe Valandro^*, Ana Carolina Cadore-Rodrigues

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The study aims to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing protocol after CAD/CAM grinding and surface treatments of bonding surface on the topographical characteristics and fatigue behavior of 4YSZ adhesively luted to an epoxy resin substrate. Ninety 4YSZ discs (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar AG) (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were obtained, submitted to in-lab simulation with a CAD/CAM system bur, and randomly allocated into six groups (n = 15) based on 'Surface condition' (with or without finishing and polishing) and 'Surface treatments' (no treatment, air abrasion with 45 μm aluminum oxide and glaze spray application). The surface roughness of all samples was measured, and the discs were luted with resin cement onto an epoxy resin substrate to be tested under cyclic fatigue (step-stress approach: 20 Hz, 5,000 cycles for piston accommodation in the first step, followed by 10,000 cycles per step with a step size of 100 N, starting at 100 N until failure). The results indicated that surface roughness (Ra and Rz) decreased in the groups with polishing and finishing protocol, with no significant differences between surface treatments in groups without finishing and polishing. The air abrasion groups (whit and without finishing and polishing) showed superior fatigue performance, comparable to no treatment with polishing and finishing. While the groups no treatment without finishing and polishing, treated with glaze spray without finishing and polishing and treated with glaze spray with finishing and polishing exhibited inferior fatigue behavior. In conclusion, while the finishing and polishing protocol can minimize defects and influence the fatigue behavior of 4YSZ, its effect is not significant when combined with surface treatments. The surface treatment, particularly air abrasion, plays a more decisive role in improving fatigue performance, proving to be the most effective approach.

Original language	English
Article number	106931
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
Volume	165
Early online date	8 Feb 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 8 Feb 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Elsevier Ltd

Funding

This work represents a significant milestone in the fulfillment of the requirements for the MSci degree (K.F.T.) within the Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences at the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). The research was partially funded by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel \u2013 CAPES (Finance Code 001 for K.F.T. Master's scholarship); the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul \u2013 FAPERGS (#2551-0000152-7/2023 for A.C.C.R. Post-doctoral scholarship); and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development \u2013 CNPq (#304665/2022-3 for G.K.R.P research grant; and #308427/2021-1 for L.F.V research grant; #442272/2023-5). Additionally, we extend our profound gratitude to Ivoclar AG for their generous provision of materials utilized in this research. It is imperative to underscore that the contributions of these institutions were confined strictly to financial support, with no involvement in the conceptualization, design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. This work represents a significant milestone in the fulfillment of the requirements for the MSci degree (K.F.T.) within the Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences at the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). The research was partially funded by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel \u2013 CAPES (Finance Code 001 for K.F.T. Master\u2019s scholarship); the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul \u2013 FAPERGS (#2551-0000152-7/2023 for A.C.C.R. Post-doctoral scholarship); and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development \u2013 CNPq (#304665/2022-3 for G.K.R.P research grant; and #308427/2021-1 for L.F.V research grant; #442272/2023-5). Additionally, we extend our profound gratitude to Ivoclar AG for their generous provision of materials utilized in this research. It is imperative to underscore that the contributions of these institutions were confined strictly to financial support, with no involvement in the conceptualization, design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.

Funders	Funder number
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
MSci degree
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul	2551-0000152-7/2023
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico	304665/2022-3, 442272/2023-5, 308427/2021-1

Keywords

Bonding
Ceramic
Fatigue behavior
Surface characteristics
Survival
Yttrium stabilized zirconia

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10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931

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Cite this

Teixeira, K. F., Soares, P. M., Souza, L. F. B., Bauken, G., Cocco, F., Kleverlaan, C. J., Tribst, J. P. M., Pereira, G. K. R., Valandro, L. F., & Cadore-Rodrigues, A. C. (2025). Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 165, 1-10. Article 106931. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931

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title = "Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface",

abstract = "The study aims to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing protocol after CAD/CAM grinding and surface treatments of bonding surface on the topographical characteristics and fatigue behavior of 4YSZ adhesively luted to an epoxy resin substrate. Ninety 4YSZ discs (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar AG) ({\O} = 10 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were obtained, submitted to in-lab simulation with a CAD/CAM system bur, and randomly allocated into six groups (n = 15) based on 'Surface condition' (with or without finishing and polishing) and 'Surface treatments' (no treatment, air abrasion with 45 μm aluminum oxide and glaze spray application). The surface roughness of all samples was measured, and the discs were luted with resin cement onto an epoxy resin substrate to be tested under cyclic fatigue (step-stress approach: 20 Hz, 5,000 cycles for piston accommodation in the first step, followed by 10,000 cycles per step with a step size of 100 N, starting at 100 N until failure). The results indicated that surface roughness (Ra and Rz) decreased in the groups with polishing and finishing protocol, with no significant differences between surface treatments in groups without finishing and polishing. The air abrasion groups (whit and without finishing and polishing) showed superior fatigue performance, comparable to no treatment with polishing and finishing. While the groups no treatment without finishing and polishing, treated with glaze spray without finishing and polishing and treated with glaze spray with finishing and polishing exhibited inferior fatigue behavior. In conclusion, while the finishing and polishing protocol can minimize defects and influence the fatigue behavior of 4YSZ, its effect is not significant when combined with surface treatments. The surface treatment, particularly air abrasion, plays a more decisive role in improving fatigue performance, proving to be the most effective approach.",

keywords = "Bonding, Ceramic, Fatigue behavior, Surface characteristics, Survival, Yttrium stabilized zirconia",

author = "Teixeira, {K{\'e}tlin Fagundes} and Soares, {Pablo Machado} and Souza, {Luiza Freitas Brum} and Gabriel Bauken and Fernanda Cocco and Kleverlaan, {Cornelis Johannes} and Tribst, {Jo{\~a}o Paulo Mendes} and Pereira, {Gabriel Kalil Rocha} and Valandro, {Luiz Felipe} and Cadore-Rodrigues, {Ana Carolina}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025 Elsevier Ltd",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

day = "8",

doi = "10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931",

language = "English",

volume = "165",

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Teixeira, KF, Soares, PM, Souza, LFB, Bauken, G, Cocco, F, Kleverlaan, CJ , Tribst, JPM, Pereira, GKR, Valandro, LF & Cadore-Rodrigues, AC 2025, 'Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface', Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol. 165, 106931, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2025.106931

Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface. / Teixeira, Kétlin Fagundes; Soares, Pablo Machado; Souza, Luiza Freitas Brum et al.
In: Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Vol. 165, 106931, 05.2025, p. 1-10.

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Fatigue performance of 4YSZ

T2 - Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface

AU - Teixeira, Kétlin Fagundes

AU - Soares, Pablo Machado

AU - Souza, Luiza Freitas Brum

AU - Bauken, Gabriel

AU - Cocco, Fernanda

AU - Kleverlaan, Cornelis Johannes

AU - Tribst, João Paulo Mendes

AU - Pereira, Gabriel Kalil Rocha

AU - Valandro, Luiz Felipe

AU - Cadore-Rodrigues, Ana Carolina

PY - 2025/2/8

Y1 - 2025/2/8

N2 - The study aims to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing protocol after CAD/CAM grinding and surface treatments of bonding surface on the topographical characteristics and fatigue behavior of 4YSZ adhesively luted to an epoxy resin substrate. Ninety 4YSZ discs (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar AG) (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were obtained, submitted to in-lab simulation with a CAD/CAM system bur, and randomly allocated into six groups (n = 15) based on 'Surface condition' (with or without finishing and polishing) and 'Surface treatments' (no treatment, air abrasion with 45 μm aluminum oxide and glaze spray application). The surface roughness of all samples was measured, and the discs were luted with resin cement onto an epoxy resin substrate to be tested under cyclic fatigue (step-stress approach: 20 Hz, 5,000 cycles for piston accommodation in the first step, followed by 10,000 cycles per step with a step size of 100 N, starting at 100 N until failure). The results indicated that surface roughness (Ra and Rz) decreased in the groups with polishing and finishing protocol, with no significant differences between surface treatments in groups without finishing and polishing. The air abrasion groups (whit and without finishing and polishing) showed superior fatigue performance, comparable to no treatment with polishing and finishing. While the groups no treatment without finishing and polishing, treated with glaze spray without finishing and polishing and treated with glaze spray with finishing and polishing exhibited inferior fatigue behavior. In conclusion, while the finishing and polishing protocol can minimize defects and influence the fatigue behavior of 4YSZ, its effect is not significant when combined with surface treatments. The surface treatment, particularly air abrasion, plays a more decisive role in improving fatigue performance, proving to be the most effective approach.

AB - The study aims to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing protocol after CAD/CAM grinding and surface treatments of bonding surface on the topographical characteristics and fatigue behavior of 4YSZ adhesively luted to an epoxy resin substrate. Ninety 4YSZ discs (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar AG) (Ø = 10 mm, thickness = 1 mm) were obtained, submitted to in-lab simulation with a CAD/CAM system bur, and randomly allocated into six groups (n = 15) based on 'Surface condition' (with or without finishing and polishing) and 'Surface treatments' (no treatment, air abrasion with 45 μm aluminum oxide and glaze spray application). The surface roughness of all samples was measured, and the discs were luted with resin cement onto an epoxy resin substrate to be tested under cyclic fatigue (step-stress approach: 20 Hz, 5,000 cycles for piston accommodation in the first step, followed by 10,000 cycles per step with a step size of 100 N, starting at 100 N until failure). The results indicated that surface roughness (Ra and Rz) decreased in the groups with polishing and finishing protocol, with no significant differences between surface treatments in groups without finishing and polishing. The air abrasion groups (whit and without finishing and polishing) showed superior fatigue performance, comparable to no treatment with polishing and finishing. While the groups no treatment without finishing and polishing, treated with glaze spray without finishing and polishing and treated with glaze spray with finishing and polishing exhibited inferior fatigue behavior. In conclusion, while the finishing and polishing protocol can minimize defects and influence the fatigue behavior of 4YSZ, its effect is not significant when combined with surface treatments. The surface treatment, particularly air abrasion, plays a more decisive role in improving fatigue performance, proving to be the most effective approach.

KW - Bonding

KW - Ceramic

KW - Fatigue behavior

KW - Surface characteristics

KW - Survival

KW - Yttrium stabilized zirconia

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JO - Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Fatigue performance of 4YSZ: Effect of finishing/polishing protocol and surface treatments of the bonding surface

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

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