Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Fish consumption of at least 1 portion/week is related to lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is uncertain whether a less frequent intake is also beneficial and whether the type of fish matters. We investigated associations of very low intakes of total, fatty, and lean fish, compared with no fish intake, with 18-year incidences of stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), and CVD mortality.
METHODS: Data were used from 34,033 participants, aged 20-70 years, of the EPIC-Netherlands cohort. Baseline (1993-1997) fish consumption was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. We compared any fish consumption, <1 portion/week (<100 g) and ≥1 portion/week to non-fish consumption.
RESULTS: During 18 follow-up years, 753 stroke events, 2134 CHD events, and 540 CVD deaths occurred. Among the fish consumers (~92%) median intakes of total, lean, and fatty fish were 57.9, 32.9, and 10.7 g/week, respectively. Any fish consumption compared with non-consumption was not associated with incidences of stroke, CHD, MI, and CVD mortality. Furthermore, consumption of <1 portion/week of total, fatty, or lean fish was not associated with any CVD outcome, as compared with non-consumption. Consumption of ≥1 portion/week of lean fish (HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.57-0.86) and of fatty fish (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.39-1.02) were associated with lower incidence of ischaemic stroke.
CONCLUSIONS: Baseline fish consumption of <1 portion/week, regardless of the type of fish, was unrelated to incidences of stroke, CHD, and CVD mortality in this Dutch cohort. Consumption of ≥1 portion/week of fatty or of lean fish reduced the incidence of ischaemic stroke.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 942-950 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | European Journal of Clinical Nutrition |
Volume | 72 |
Issue number | 7 |
Early online date | 22 May 2018 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Jul 2018 |
Funding
Conflict of interest JP is financially supported by a restricted grant from Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands. IS and YTvdS report grants from Unilever R&D, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Acknowledgements The EPIC-NL study was funded by the “Europe against Cancer” Programme of the European Commission (SANCO), the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), the Dutch Cancer Society, the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), and the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF). We thank Statistics Netherlands for follow-up data on causes of death and CVD.
Funders | Funder number |
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Dutch Cancer Society | |
SANCO | |
Unilever R&D | |
World Cancer Research Fund | |
European Commission | |
ZonMw | |
Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport |