Disability and Human Rights

This chapter examines the concept of disability, exploring disability and its societal impact through a human rights lens. Approximately 15% of the world’s population consists of disabled individuals, but in LMICs the rate of impairment is often higher. Impairments can be physical, sensory, intellectual or psychosocial. Chronic illness, mental health issues, learning difficulties, addiction, and impairments from injury or congenital conditions are included in these challenges. Disability arises when people with impairments encounter societal, attitudinal, or physical barriers that hinder full participation in society, illustrating that while impairments are natural, disablement results from societal choices. The social and economic exclusion of disabled individuals is complex and pervasive, rooted in culture-bound definitions of normalcy influenced by religion, societal fears and prejudices, or misguided scientific beliefs. Ultimately, impairment and difference are not abnormal, and almost everyone will experience disability at some point, especially with age. Understanding the distinction between impairment and disability reveals the importance of focusing on societal change when addressing disability. The chapter addresses some of the historical and ongoing challenges for disabled people’s human rights. As we move forward, it is imperative to continue advocating for the removal of societal barriers, challenging negative attitudes, and promoting inclusive policies and systems that uphold human rights.