Global voices in hacking (multinational views)

This chapter will give an overview of research on hacking in the Netherlands and other non-English-language countries. Findings from these countries will be compared to general findings in the literature. The chapter will start with both qualitative and quantitative research based on judicial populations. These studies address topics like personal characteristics and situational risk factors of hackers, their social networks, their specialization and motives, labelling, the extent to which hackers can be seen as cyborg hackers, life-course research, and the role of hackers in organized cybercrime. Afterward, survey research on cyber-dependent offending among youth, based on general population samples, will be discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion on the need of international comparative research on hackers.