High-precision spectroscopy of the HD+ molecule at the 1-p.p.b. level

J. Biesheuvel; J. Ph Karr; L. Hilico; K. S E Eikema; W. Ubachs; J. C J Koelemeij

doi:10.1007/s00340-016-6576-8

High-precision spectroscopy of the HD⁺ molecule at the 1-p.p.b. level

J. Biesheuvel, J. Ph Karr, L. Hilico, K. S E Eikema, W. Ubachs, J. C J Koelemeij^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Recently we reported a high-precision optical frequency measurement of the (v, L): (0, 2)→ (8, 3) vibrational overtone transition in trapped deuterated molecular hydrogen (HD⁺) ions at 10 mK temperature. Achieving a resolution of 0.85 parts-per-billion (p.p.b.), we found the experimental value [ν₀ = 383, 407, 177.38 (41) MHz] to be in agreement with the value from molecular theory [ν_th 383, 407, 177.150 (15) MHz] within 0.6 (1.1) p.p.b. (Biesheuvel et al. in Nat Commun 7:10385, 2016). This enabled an improved test of molecular theory (including QED), new constraints on the size of possible effects due to ‘new physics,’ and the first determination of the proton–electron mass ratio from a molecule. Here, we provide the details of the experimental procedure, spectral analysis, and the assessment of systematic frequency shifts. Our analysis focuses in particular on deviations of the HD⁺ velocity distribution from thermal (Gaussian) distributions under the influence of collisions with fast ions produced during (laser-induced) chemical reactions, as such deviations turn out to significantly shift the hyperfine-less vibrational frequency as inferred from the saturated and Doppler-broadened spectrum, which contains partly unresolved hyperfine structure.

Original language	English
Article number	23
Journal	Applied Physics B. Lasers and Optics
Volume	123
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-016-6576-8
Publication status	Published - 1 Jan 2017

Funding

We are indebted to J. Bouma, T. Pinkert and R. Kortekaas for technical assistance, and to V. Korobov, E. Hudson and R. Gerritsma for fruitful discussions. This research was funded through the Netherlands Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM), the COST action MP1001 IOTA, and the Dutch-French bilateral Van Gogh Programme. J.C.J.K. thanks the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and the Netherlands Technology Foundation (STW) for support. SURFsara (www.surfsara.nl) is acknowledged for the support in using the Lisa Compute Cluster for MD simulations.

Funders	Funder number
Netherlands Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter
Netherlands Technology Foundation
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	670168
European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen

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title = "High-precision spectroscopy of the HD+ molecule at the 1-p.p.b. level",

abstract = "Recently we reported a high-precision optical frequency measurement of the (v, L): (0, 2)→ (8, 3) vibrational overtone transition in trapped deuterated molecular hydrogen (HD+) ions at 10 mK temperature. Achieving a resolution of 0.85 parts-per-billion (p.p.b.), we found the experimental value [ν0 = 383, 407, 177.38 (41) MHz] to be in agreement with the value from molecular theory [νth 383, 407, 177.150 (15) MHz] within 0.6 (1.1) p.p.b. (Biesheuvel et al. in Nat Commun 7:10385, 2016). This enabled an improved test of molecular theory (including QED), new constraints on the size of possible effects due to {\textquoteleft}new physics,{\textquoteright} and the first determination of the proton–electron mass ratio from a molecule. Here, we provide the details of the experimental procedure, spectral analysis, and the assessment of systematic frequency shifts. Our analysis focuses in particular on deviations of the HD+ velocity distribution from thermal (Gaussian) distributions under the influence of collisions with fast ions produced during (laser-induced) chemical reactions, as such deviations turn out to significantly shift the hyperfine-less vibrational frequency as inferred from the saturated and Doppler-broadened spectrum, which contains partly unresolved hyperfine structure.",

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