History, present, and future of cognitive ergonomics in Europe

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the evolution, current landscape, and future trajectory of Cognitive Ergonomics (CE) in Europe, based on discussions at the ECCE conference in 2024 in Paris, France. CE, grounded in disciplines such as cognitive psychology, computer science, and human factors, has evolved through technological and methodological shifts. Historically, CE addressed issues of human error and usability in early computing contexts, progressing from individual-focused models to complex socio-technical and human-AI systems. European developments have been shaped by regional paradigms - Scandinavian participatory design, British psychological frameworks, Italian automation methodologies, French task analysis, and interdisciplinary German approaches - reflecting diverse academic and industrial contexts. Human error research, particularly its systemic framing and ethical dimensions, has remained a central theme, with increasing relevance in emerging intelligent technologies. Recent trends highlight the integration of generative AI, brain-computer interfaces, and human-machine collaboration. Future challenges include addressing ethical concerns, preserving human autonomy, and promoting sustainable interaction design. This review underscores the continued importance of CE in guiding responsible technological innovation and calls for stronger collaboration between researchers, industry, and policymakers. By examining CE's multidisciplinary roots and regional expressions, the paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of its evolving role in shaping human-centered technology.