Improving fatigue behavior of CAD/CAM-ground 4YSZ via finishing, polishing, and surface treatments

Kétlin Fagundes Teixeira; Luiza Freitas Brum Souza; Pablo Machado Soares; Renatta Wrasse Temp; Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan; João Paulo Mendes Tribst; Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira; Luiz Felipe Valandro; Ana Carolina Cadore-Rodrigues

doi:10.1590/0103-644020256592

Improving fatigue behavior of CAD/CAM-ground 4YSZ via finishing, polishing, and surface treatments

Kétlin Fagundes Teixeira
, Luiza Freitas Brum Souza
, Pablo Machado Soares
, Renatta Wrasse Temp
, Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan
, João Paulo Mendes Tribst
, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
, Luiz Felipe Valandro^*
, Ana Carolina Cadore-Rodrigues

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

It evaluated the effect of an internal finishing and polishing protocol, combined with surface treatments, on the fatigue flexural strength and topography of 4YSZ ceramic after CAD/CAM grinding. Ceramic bars (18×5.2×2.4 mm; IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar) were assigned in six groups (n=15) based on two factors: 'Surface condition' – with (POL) or without (non-POL) internal finishing and polishing using F, FF diamond burs and polishing tips (Optragloss, Ivoclar); and 'Surface treatments' – CTRL (no treatment), AB (air-abrasion with 45 µm aluminum oxide), or GLZ (glaze spray). Surface roughness was measured, and a cyclic flexural three-point bending fatigue test (20 Hz, 10,000 cycles/step, step size 25 MPa starting at 75 MPa) was conducted. Fractographic and topographic analyses were also performed. Fatigue data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, Mantel-Cox (Log-Rank), and Weibull analyses, while roughness data underwent Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. 'Surface condition' significantly influenced fatigue strength (F=18.38, p<0.05), while 'Surface treatment' and the interaction between factors were not significant (p>0.05). POL groups exhibited higher fatigue behavior than non-POL groups: CTRL (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.000), AB (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.049), GLZ (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.004). Roughness showed POL consistently smoother than non-POL in every comparison: non-POL-CTRL > POL-CTRL, non-POL-AB > POL-AB, and non-POL-GLZ > POL-GLZ. Topographic analysis indicated that air abrasion produced uniform surfaces, while glaze partially filled in defects. Fractures originated from surface defects in tensile regions. Internal finishing and polishing after CAD/CAM grinding enhance the flexural strength of 4YSZ, with air-abrasion and glaze yielding comparable fatigue performance.

Original language	English
Article number	e25-6592
Pages (from-to)	1-16
Number of pages	16
Journal	Brazilian Dental Journal
Volume	36
Early online date	8 Dec 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-644020256592
Publication status	Published - 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025, Associacao Brasileira de Divulgacao Cientifica. All rights reserved.

Funding

This work is part of the fulfillment of the requirements for the MSci degree [K.F.T.] in the Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences at the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil). This research was partially financed by the Brazilian Federal Agency for Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – CAPES [Finance Code 001 for K.F.T. Master’s scholarship]; by the Research Support Foundation of the State of Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS [#2551-0000152-7/2023 for A.C.R. Post-doctoral scholarship]; and by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPq [#304665/2022-3 for G.K.R.P research grant; and #308427/2021-1 for L.F.V research grant; #442272/2023-5]. Furthermore, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to Ivoclar AG for providing some of the materials used in this research. It is important to emphasize that the contribution of these institutions was limited to financial support, with no involvement in the study's design, data collection or analysis, publication decisions, or manuscript preparation.

Funders	Funder number
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
MSci degree
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul	2551-0000152-7/2023
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico	304665/2022-3, 442272/2023-5, 308427/2021-1

Keywords

Air-abrasion
Flexural strength
Low-fusing glaze
Surface characteristics
Yttrium stabilized zirconia

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10.1590/0103-644020256592

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Cite this

@article{98d891da527c400a9e5127f4f2027f8c,

title = "Improving fatigue behavior of CAD/CAM-ground 4YSZ via finishing, polishing, and surface treatments",

abstract = "It evaluated the effect of an internal finishing and polishing protocol, combined with surface treatments, on the fatigue flexural strength and topography of 4YSZ ceramic after CAD/CAM grinding. Ceramic bars (18×5.2×2.4 mm; IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar) were assigned in six groups (n=15) based on two factors: 'Surface condition' – with (POL) or without (non-POL) internal finishing and polishing using F, FF diamond burs and polishing tips (Optragloss, Ivoclar); and 'Surface treatments' – CTRL (no treatment), AB (air-abrasion with 45 µm aluminum oxide), or GLZ (glaze spray). Surface roughness was measured, and a cyclic flexural three-point bending fatigue test (20 Hz, 10,000 cycles/step, step size 25 MPa starting at 75 MPa) was conducted. Fractographic and topographic analyses were also performed. Fatigue data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, Mantel-Cox (Log-Rank), and Weibull analyses, while roughness data underwent Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. 'Surface condition' significantly influenced fatigue strength (F=18.38, p<0.05), while 'Surface treatment' and the interaction between factors were not significant (p>0.05). POL groups exhibited higher fatigue behavior than non-POL groups: CTRL (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.000), AB (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.049), GLZ (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.004). Roughness showed POL consistently smoother than non-POL in every comparison: non-POL-CTRL > POL-CTRL, non-POL-AB > POL-AB, and non-POL-GLZ > POL-GLZ. Topographic analysis indicated that air abrasion produced uniform surfaces, while glaze partially filled in defects. Fractures originated from surface defects in tensile regions. Internal finishing and polishing after CAD/CAM grinding enhance the flexural strength of 4YSZ, with air-abrasion and glaze yielding comparable fatigue performance.",

keywords = "Air-abrasion, Flexural strength, Low-fusing glaze, Surface characteristics, Yttrium stabilized zirconia",

author = "Teixeira, \{K{\'e}tlin Fagundes\} and Souza, \{Luiza Freitas Brum\} and Soares, \{Pablo Machado\} and Temp, \{Renatta Wrasse\} and Kleverlaan, \{Cornelis Johannes\} and Tribst, \{Jo{\~a}o Paulo Mendes\} and Pereira, \{Gabriel Kalil Rocha\} and Valandro, \{Luiz Felipe\} and Cadore-Rodrigues, \{Ana Carolina\}",

year = "2025",

doi = "10.1590/0103-644020256592",

language = "English",

volume = "36",

pages = "1--16",

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publisher = "Associacao Brasileira de Divulgacao Cientifica",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Improving fatigue behavior of CAD/CAM-ground 4YSZ via finishing, polishing, and surface treatments

AU - Teixeira, Kétlin Fagundes

AU - Souza, Luiza Freitas Brum

AU - Soares, Pablo Machado

AU - Temp, Renatta Wrasse

AU - Kleverlaan, Cornelis Johannes

AU - Tribst, João Paulo Mendes

AU - Pereira, Gabriel Kalil Rocha

AU - Valandro, Luiz Felipe

AU - Cadore-Rodrigues, Ana Carolina

PY - 2025

Y1 - 2025

N2 - It evaluated the effect of an internal finishing and polishing protocol, combined with surface treatments, on the fatigue flexural strength and topography of 4YSZ ceramic after CAD/CAM grinding. Ceramic bars (18×5.2×2.4 mm; IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar) were assigned in six groups (n=15) based on two factors: 'Surface condition' – with (POL) or without (non-POL) internal finishing and polishing using F, FF diamond burs and polishing tips (Optragloss, Ivoclar); and 'Surface treatments' – CTRL (no treatment), AB (air-abrasion with 45 µm aluminum oxide), or GLZ (glaze spray). Surface roughness was measured, and a cyclic flexural three-point bending fatigue test (20 Hz, 10,000 cycles/step, step size 25 MPa starting at 75 MPa) was conducted. Fractographic and topographic analyses were also performed. Fatigue data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, Mantel-Cox (Log-Rank), and Weibull analyses, while roughness data underwent Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. 'Surface condition' significantly influenced fatigue strength (F=18.38, p<0.05), while 'Surface treatment' and the interaction between factors were not significant (p>0.05). POL groups exhibited higher fatigue behavior than non-POL groups: CTRL (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.000), AB (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.049), GLZ (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.004). Roughness showed POL consistently smoother than non-POL in every comparison: non-POL-CTRL > POL-CTRL, non-POL-AB > POL-AB, and non-POL-GLZ > POL-GLZ. Topographic analysis indicated that air abrasion produced uniform surfaces, while glaze partially filled in defects. Fractures originated from surface defects in tensile regions. Internal finishing and polishing after CAD/CAM grinding enhance the flexural strength of 4YSZ, with air-abrasion and glaze yielding comparable fatigue performance.

AB - It evaluated the effect of an internal finishing and polishing protocol, combined with surface treatments, on the fatigue flexural strength and topography of 4YSZ ceramic after CAD/CAM grinding. Ceramic bars (18×5.2×2.4 mm; IPS e.max ZirCAD MT, Ivoclar) were assigned in six groups (n=15) based on two factors: 'Surface condition' – with (POL) or without (non-POL) internal finishing and polishing using F, FF diamond burs and polishing tips (Optragloss, Ivoclar); and 'Surface treatments' – CTRL (no treatment), AB (air-abrasion with 45 µm aluminum oxide), or GLZ (glaze spray). Surface roughness was measured, and a cyclic flexural three-point bending fatigue test (20 Hz, 10,000 cycles/step, step size 25 MPa starting at 75 MPa) was conducted. Fractographic and topographic analyses were also performed. Fatigue data were analyzed by Two-Way ANOVA, Kaplan-Meier, Mantel-Cox (Log-Rank), and Weibull analyses, while roughness data underwent Two-Way ANOVA and Tukey's tests. 'Surface condition' significantly influenced fatigue strength (F=18.38, p<0.05), while 'Surface treatment' and the interaction between factors were not significant (p>0.05). POL groups exhibited higher fatigue behavior than non-POL groups: CTRL (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.000), AB (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.049), GLZ (POL vs. non-POL, p = 0.004). Roughness showed POL consistently smoother than non-POL in every comparison: non-POL-CTRL > POL-CTRL, non-POL-AB > POL-AB, and non-POL-GLZ > POL-GLZ. Topographic analysis indicated that air abrasion produced uniform surfaces, while glaze partially filled in defects. Fractures originated from surface defects in tensile regions. Internal finishing and polishing after CAD/CAM grinding enhance the flexural strength of 4YSZ, with air-abrasion and glaze yielding comparable fatigue performance.

KW - Air-abrasion

KW - Flexural strength

KW - Low-fusing glaze

KW - Surface characteristics

KW - Yttrium stabilized zirconia

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UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105024626079#tab=citedBy

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DO - 10.1590/0103-644020256592

M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:105024626079

SN - 0103-6440

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SP - 1

EP - 16

JO - Brazilian Dental Journal

JF - Brazilian Dental Journal

M1 - e25-6592

ER -

Improving fatigue behavior of CAD/CAM-ground 4YSZ via finishing, polishing, and surface treatments

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

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