Increasing inclusion or furthering fragmentation? How the global strategy to include refugees in national education systems has been implemented in Lebanon.

The UNHCR strategy to include refugee students in host state education systems is intended to promote refugees' access to quality education. However, members of out-of-school refugees far exceed the global average. To understand these persistent barriers, we examine how Lebanese teachers and school principals understand and enact inclusion for school-age Syrian refugees. We find that inclusion has been pursued in ways that reproduce education inequalities in Lebanon. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for the internal complexities that shape the implementation and appropriation of policies within refugee host states and the ways in which these complexities interact with aid structures.