Influence of various air-abrasive powders on the viability and density of periodontal cells: An in vitro study

Remnants of air-abrasive powders on treated surfaces and tissues may affect tissue healing. The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the possible effect of five commercially available air-abrasive powders on the viability and cell density of three types of periodontal cells. A sodium bicarbonate powder, two amino acid glycine powders, an amino acid glycine and tricalcium phosphate powder and an erythritol powder were tested. Suspensions of these powders in three different concentrations were prepared and incubated with gingival epithelial cells, gingival fibroblasts, and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts for 6 hours. Mitochondrial activity, as a measure for cell viability, was evaluated by means of fluorescence activity of a redox indicator. Amount of DNA was measured as indication of cell density. All powders affected in different degrees cell viability and/or density. The most pronounced adverse effect was observed with the sodium bicarbonate followed by the erythritol-containing powder and at the highest concentration. A fivefold reduction or more in the number of cells was observed. The tricalcium phosphate containing powder had the least effect on all types of cells. Even, increased numbers of epithelial cells (twofold) were observed. Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that careful selection of the powder is important to improve the clinical outcomes of air powder abrasive treatment. A tricalcium phosphate containing powder may improve the biologic responses. A sodium bicarbonate powder should be used with caution.