Lead isotope analysis of lead-tin-glaze via on-site portable laser ablation sampling of 17-18th century Delftware (earthenware)

This study investigates the application of portable laser ablation sampling followed by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine lead isotope ratios (LIR) of thirteen 17–18th century Delftware earthenware objects. A method was developed to minimize invasiveness while obtaining sufficient material for accurate isotopic analysis. The method is applicable to all Pb-rich glazes. The white glaze of individual Delftware objects has homogeneous LIR within objects. Seventeen to18^th century Delftware were made with lead derived from English lead deposits. The study shows that is possible to use LIR to characterise later repairs. Finally, the research demonstrates that LIR in Delftware objects are comparable to contemporaneous lead-bearing objects, expanding knowledge on the use and trade of lead and its products.