Load on the shoulder in low intensity wheelchair propulsion

Objective. To assess the mechanical load on the glenohumeral joint and on shoulder muscles during wheelchair propulsion at everyday intensities. Design. Model simulations based on experimental input data. Background. Virtually nothing is known about the mechanical load on the upper extremity during wheelchair propulsion. Hand rim wheelchair propulsion is a significant risk factor for shoulder pain and injury among wheelchair users. A musculoskeletal model of the upper extremity during wheelchair propulsion will quantify the stresses placed on anatomic structures and may provide insight into the source of symptoms and injuries. Methods. Three experienced wheelchair users underwent wheelchair exercise tests at combinations of two load levels (10 and 20 W) and two velocities (0.83 and 1.39 m·s