Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

Andraž Dolar; Salla Selonen; Cornelis A.M. van Gestel; Valentina Perc; Damjana Drobne; Anita Jemec Kokalj

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144900

Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

Andraž Dolar, Salla Selonen, Cornelis A.M. van Gestel, Valentina Perc, Damjana Drobne, Anita Jemec Kokalj^*

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Microplastics and agrochemicals are common pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Their interaction during coexistence in soils may influence their fate and adverse effects on terrestrial organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the exposure to two types of microplastics; polyester fibres, and crumb rubber; induce changes in immune parameters of Porcellio scaber and if the co-exposure of microplastics affects the response induced by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. A number of immune parameters, such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, and phenoloxidase-like activity were assessed. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the haemolymph was evaluated as a measure of the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos. After three weeks of exposure, the most noticeable changes in the measured immune parameters and also a significantly reduced AChE activity were seen in chlorpyrifos-exposed animals. Both types of microplastic at environmentally relevant concentrations caused only slight changes in immune parameters which were not dependent on the type of microplastic, although the two types differed significantly in terms of the chemical complexity of the additives. Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and microplastics induced changes that differed from individual exposures. For example, alterations in some measured parameters suggested a reduced bioavailability of chlorpyrifos (AChE activity, haemocyte viability) caused by both types of microplastics exposure, but the increase of haemocyte count was promoted by the presence of fibres implying their joint action. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune processes in P. scaber are slightly changed upon exposure to both types of microplastics and microplastics can significantly modulate the effects of other co-exposed chemicals. Further research is needed on the short-term and long-term joint effects of microplastics and agrochemicals on the immunity of soil invertebrates.

Original language	English
Article number	144900
Pages (from-to)	1-11
Number of pages	11
Journal	Science of the Total Environment
Volume	772
Early online date	2 Feb 2021
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144900
Publication status	Published - 10 Jun 2021

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
This work was supported by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); financing under the ERA-NET Waterworks2015 co-funded call in Water JPI [grant number ALWWW.2016.2 ]; and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation . The Slovenian Research Agency funded this research through the research programme Integrative zoology and speleobiology [grant number P1-0184 ], research project J1-2482 , the Slovenian Research Agency funding scheme for postgraduate research for Andraž Dolar, and the infrastructural Centre for Microscopy of biological samples, University of Ljubljana .

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Authors

Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Funding

This work was supported by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); financing under the ERA-NET Waterworks2015 co-funded call in Water JPI [grant number ALWWW.2016.2 ]; and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation . The Slovenian Research Agency funded this research through the research programme Integrative zoology and speleobiology [grant number P1-0184 ], research project J1-2482 , the Slovenian Research Agency funding scheme for postgraduate research for Andraž Dolar, and the infrastructural Centre for Microscopy of biological samples, University of Ljubljana .

Funders	Funder number
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek	ALWWW.2016.2
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Maj ja Tor Nesslingin Säätiö
Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS	P1-0184, J1-2482
Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
Univerza v Ljubljani

Keywords

Crumb rubber particles from end-of-life tyre wear
Immune response
Microplastics mixture
Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos
Polyester fibres

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10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144900

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title = "Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber",

abstract = "Microplastics and agrochemicals are common pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Their interaction during coexistence in soils may influence their fate and adverse effects on terrestrial organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the exposure to two types of microplastics; polyester fibres, and crumb rubber; induce changes in immune parameters of Porcellio scaber and if the co-exposure of microplastics affects the response induced by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. A number of immune parameters, such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, and phenoloxidase-like activity were assessed. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the haemolymph was evaluated as a measure of the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos. After three weeks of exposure, the most noticeable changes in the measured immune parameters and also a significantly reduced AChE activity were seen in chlorpyrifos-exposed animals. Both types of microplastic at environmentally relevant concentrations caused only slight changes in immune parameters which were not dependent on the type of microplastic, although the two types differed significantly in terms of the chemical complexity of the additives. Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and microplastics induced changes that differed from individual exposures. For example, alterations in some measured parameters suggested a reduced bioavailability of chlorpyrifos (AChE activity, haemocyte viability) caused by both types of microplastics exposure, but the increase of haemocyte count was promoted by the presence of fibres implying their joint action. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune processes in P. scaber are slightly changed upon exposure to both types of microplastics and microplastics can significantly modulate the effects of other co-exposed chemicals. Further research is needed on the short-term and long-term joint effects of microplastics and agrochemicals on the immunity of soil invertebrates.",

keywords = "Crumb rubber particles from end-of-life tyre wear, Immune response, Microplastics mixture, Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos, Polyester fibres",

author = "Andra{\v z} Dolar and Salla Selonen and {van Gestel}, {Cornelis A.M.} and Valentina Perc and Damjana Drobne and {Jemec Kokalj}, Anita",

note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); financing under the ERA-NET Waterworks2015 co-funded call in Water JPI [grant number ALWWW.2016.2 ]; and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation . The Slovenian Research Agency funded this research through the research programme Integrative zoology and speleobiology [grant number P1-0184 ], research project J1-2482 , the Slovenian Research Agency funding scheme for postgraduate research for Andra{\v z} Dolar, and the infrastructural Centre for Microscopy of biological samples, University of Ljubljana . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

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AU - Dolar, Andraž

AU - Selonen, Salla

AU - van Gestel, Cornelis A.M.

AU - Perc, Valentina

AU - Drobne, Damjana

AU - Jemec Kokalj, Anita

N1 - Funding Information: This work was supported by The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); financing under the ERA-NET Waterworks2015 co-funded call in Water JPI [grant number ALWWW.2016.2 ]; and the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation . The Slovenian Research Agency funded this research through the research programme Integrative zoology and speleobiology [grant number P1-0184 ], research project J1-2482 , the Slovenian Research Agency funding scheme for postgraduate research for Andraž Dolar, and the infrastructural Centre for Microscopy of biological samples, University of Ljubljana . Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/6/10

Y1 - 2021/6/10

N2 - Microplastics and agrochemicals are common pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Their interaction during coexistence in soils may influence their fate and adverse effects on terrestrial organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the exposure to two types of microplastics; polyester fibres, and crumb rubber; induce changes in immune parameters of Porcellio scaber and if the co-exposure of microplastics affects the response induced by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. A number of immune parameters, such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, and phenoloxidase-like activity were assessed. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the haemolymph was evaluated as a measure of the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos. After three weeks of exposure, the most noticeable changes in the measured immune parameters and also a significantly reduced AChE activity were seen in chlorpyrifos-exposed animals. Both types of microplastic at environmentally relevant concentrations caused only slight changes in immune parameters which were not dependent on the type of microplastic, although the two types differed significantly in terms of the chemical complexity of the additives. Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and microplastics induced changes that differed from individual exposures. For example, alterations in some measured parameters suggested a reduced bioavailability of chlorpyrifos (AChE activity, haemocyte viability) caused by both types of microplastics exposure, but the increase of haemocyte count was promoted by the presence of fibres implying their joint action. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune processes in P. scaber are slightly changed upon exposure to both types of microplastics and microplastics can significantly modulate the effects of other co-exposed chemicals. Further research is needed on the short-term and long-term joint effects of microplastics and agrochemicals on the immunity of soil invertebrates.

AB - Microplastics and agrochemicals are common pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems. Their interaction during coexistence in soils may influence their fate and adverse effects on terrestrial organisms. The aim of this study was to investigate how the exposure to two types of microplastics; polyester fibres, and crumb rubber; induce changes in immune parameters of Porcellio scaber and if the co-exposure of microplastics affects the response induced by the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. A number of immune parameters, such as total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, and phenoloxidase-like activity were assessed. In addition, the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the haemolymph was evaluated as a measure of the bioavailability of chlorpyrifos. After three weeks of exposure, the most noticeable changes in the measured immune parameters and also a significantly reduced AChE activity were seen in chlorpyrifos-exposed animals. Both types of microplastic at environmentally relevant concentrations caused only slight changes in immune parameters which were not dependent on the type of microplastic, although the two types differed significantly in terms of the chemical complexity of the additives. Mixtures of chlorpyrifos and microplastics induced changes that differed from individual exposures. For example, alterations in some measured parameters suggested a reduced bioavailability of chlorpyrifos (AChE activity, haemocyte viability) caused by both types of microplastics exposure, but the increase of haemocyte count was promoted by the presence of fibres implying their joint action. In conclusion, this study suggests that immune processes in P. scaber are slightly changed upon exposure to both types of microplastics and microplastics can significantly modulate the effects of other co-exposed chemicals. Further research is needed on the short-term and long-term joint effects of microplastics and agrochemicals on the immunity of soil invertebrates.

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KW - Immune response

KW - Microplastics mixture

KW - Organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos

KW - Polyester fibres

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Microplastics, chlorpyrifos and their mixtures modulate immune processes in the terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber

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