Abstract
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) were shown to support mucosal immune development by enhancing regulatory-type Th1 immune polarization induced by synthetic CpG oligode-oxynucleotides (TLR9 agonist mimicking a bacterial DNA trigger). Epithelial-derived galectin-9 was associated with these immunomodulatory effects. We aimed to identify the most active fractions within GOS based on the degree of polymerization (DP), and to study the immunomodulatory ca-pacities of DP3-sized β-3′galactosyllactose (β-3′GL) using a transwell co-culture model of human intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) and activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). IEC were apically exposed to different DP fractions of GOS or β-3′GL in the presence of CpG, and basolater-ally co-cultured with αCD3/CD28-activated PBMC, washed, and incubated in fresh medium for IEC-derived galectin analysis. Only DP3-5 in the presence of CpG enhanced galectin-9 secretion. DP3-sized β-3′GL promoted a regulatory-type Th1 response by increasing IFNγ and IL-10 or galec-tin-9 concentrations as compared to CpG alone. In addition, IEC-derived galectin-3,-4, and-9 secretion was increased by β-3′GL when combined with CpG. Therefore, the GOS DP3-5 and most effectively DP3-sized β-3′GL supported the immunomodulatory properties induced by CpG by enhancing epithelial-derived galectin secretion, which, in turn, could support mucosal immunity.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 384 |
Journal | Biomolecules |
Volume | 12 |
Issue number | 3 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Mar 2022 |
Externally published | Yes |
Funding
Funding: This research was funded by a seed grant from the Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) and Danone Nutricia Research B.V.
Funders | Funder number |
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Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences | |
Danone Nutricia Research |