TY - JOUR
T1 - Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
AU - Karnani, Mahesh
AU - Burdakov, Denis
PY - 2011/1/1
Y1 - 2011/1/1
N2 - The hypothalamus monitors body energy status in part through specialized glucose sensing neurons that comprise both glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited cells. Here we discuss recent work on the elucidation of neurochemical identities and physiological significance of these hypothalamic cells, including caveats resulting from the currently imprecise functional and molecular definitions of glucose sensing and differences in glucose-sensing responses obtained with different experimental techniques. We discuss the recently observed adaptive glucose-sensing responses of orexin/hypocretin-containing neurons, which allow these cells to sense changes in glucose levels rather than its absolute concentration, as well as the glucose-sensing abilities of melanin-concentrating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and proopiomelanocortin- containing neurons and the recent data on the role of ventromedial hypothalamic steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/glutamate-containing cells in glucose homeostasis. We propose a model where orexin/hypocretin and SF-1/glutamate neurons cooperate in stimulating the sympathetic outflow to the liver and pancreas to increase blood glucose, which in turn provides negative feedback inhibition to these cells. Orexin/hypocretin neurons also stimulate feeding and reward seeking and are activated by hunger and stress, thereby providing a potential link between glucose sensing and goal-oriented behavior. The cell-type-specific neuromodulatory actions of glucose in several neurochemically distinct hypothalamic circuits are thus likely to be involved in coordinating higher brain function and behavior with autonomic adjustments in blood glucose levels.
AB - The hypothalamus monitors body energy status in part through specialized glucose sensing neurons that comprise both glucose-excited and glucose-inhibited cells. Here we discuss recent work on the elucidation of neurochemical identities and physiological significance of these hypothalamic cells, including caveats resulting from the currently imprecise functional and molecular definitions of glucose sensing and differences in glucose-sensing responses obtained with different experimental techniques. We discuss the recently observed adaptive glucose-sensing responses of orexin/hypocretin-containing neurons, which allow these cells to sense changes in glucose levels rather than its absolute concentration, as well as the glucose-sensing abilities of melanin-concentrating hormone, neuropeptide Y, and proopiomelanocortin- containing neurons and the recent data on the role of ventromedial hypothalamic steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/glutamate-containing cells in glucose homeostasis. We propose a model where orexin/hypocretin and SF-1/glutamate neurons cooperate in stimulating the sympathetic outflow to the liver and pancreas to increase blood glucose, which in turn provides negative feedback inhibition to these cells. Orexin/hypocretin neurons also stimulate feeding and reward seeking and are activated by hunger and stress, thereby providing a potential link between glucose sensing and goal-oriented behavior. The cell-type-specific neuromodulatory actions of glucose in several neurochemically distinct hypothalamic circuits are thus likely to be involved in coordinating higher brain function and behavior with autonomic adjustments in blood glucose levels.
KW - Hypocretin
KW - Hypothalamus
KW - Neuron
KW - Orexin
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78650638211&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=78650638211&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1152/ajpregu.00527.2010
DO - 10.1152/ajpregu.00527.2010
M3 - Review article
C2 - 21048078
AN - SCOPUS:78650638211
VL - 300
SP - R47-R55
JO - American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology
JF - American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology
SN - 0363-6119
IS - 1
ER -