No Pain, No Gain?: The Effects of Adding a Pain Stimulus in Virtual Training for Police Officers

Lisanne Kleygrewe; R I Vana Hutter; Raôul R D Oudejans

doi:10.1080/00140139.2022.2157496

No Pain, No Gain? The Effects of Adding a Pain Stimulus in Virtual Training for Police Officers

Lisanne Kleygrewe
, R I Vana Hutter
, Raôul R D Oudejans

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Virtual training systems provide highly realistic training environments for police. This study assesses whether a pain stimulus can enhance the training responses and sense of presence of these systems. Police officers ( n = 219) trained either with or without a pain stimulus in a 2D simulator (VirTra) and a 3D virtual reality (VR) system. 2 (training simulator) x 2 (pain stimulus) ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction effect for perceived stress ( p = .010, ηp 2 = .039). Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that VR provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra when no pain stimulus is used ( p = .009). With a pain stimulus, VirTra training provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra training without a pain stimulus ( p < .001). Sense of presence was unaffected by the pain stimulus in both training systems. Our results indicate that VR training appears sufficiently realistic without adding a pain stimulus.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1608-1621
Number of pages	14
Journal	Ergonomics
Volume	66
Issue number	10
Early online date	9 Jan 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2022.2157496
Publication status	Published - 2023

Bibliographical note

This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 833672. The content reflects only authors' view. Research Executive Agency and European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

Funding

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No. 833672. The content reflects only authors’ view. Research Executive Agency and European Commission are not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein. The authors would like to thank the Stadtpolizei Zürich for their collaboration in this study. In particular, we would like to thank Christoph Altmann for the organization and the police officers and instructors for participating in this study. We would like to thank Refense; particularly, Ronny Tobler for taking part in this project. Participants provided informed consent before the start of the experiment. Ethical approval was obtained from the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven as part of the SHOTPROS project which is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant number: 833672).

Funders	Funder number
Stadtpolizei Zürich
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	833672
European Commission

Keywords

Police training
virtual reality
Virtual environment
simulation training
pain stimulus
Horizon2020
SHOTPROS

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10.1080/00140139.2022.2157496Licence: CC BY

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Cite this

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title = "No Pain, No Gain?: The Effects of Adding a Pain Stimulus in Virtual Training for Police Officers",

abstract = "Virtual training systems provide highly realistic training environments for police. This study assesses whether a pain stimulus can enhance the training responses and sense of presence of these systems. Police officers ( n = 219) trained either with or without a pain stimulus in a 2D simulator (VirTra) and a 3D virtual reality (VR) system. 2 (training simulator) x 2 (pain stimulus) ANOVAs revealed a significant interaction effect for perceived stress ( p = .010, ηp 2 = .039). Post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that VR provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra when no pain stimulus is used ( p = .009). With a pain stimulus, VirTra training provokes significantly higher levels of perceived stress compared to VirTra training without a pain stimulus ( p < .001). Sense of presence was unaffected by the pain stimulus in both training systems. Our results indicate that VR training appears sufficiently realistic without adding a pain stimulus. ",

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note = "This work has received funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 833672. The content reflects only authors' view. Research Executive Agency and European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.",

year = "2023",

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N1 - This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement No 833672. The content reflects only authors' view. Research Executive Agency and European Commission is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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No Pain, No Gain? The Effects of Adding a Pain Stimulus in Virtual Training for Police Officers

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

Persistent URL (handle)

Other files and links

Fingerprint

SHOTPROS: A HUMAN FACTORS BASED (VR) TRAINING FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION-MAKING AND ACTING CAPABILITIES UNDER STRESS AND IN HIGH-RISK SITUATIONS FOR EUROPEAN LEAS.

Cite this

No Pain, No Gain? The Effects of Adding a Pain Stimulus in Virtual Training for Police Officers

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Funding

Keywords

Access to Document

Persistent URL (handle)

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

SHOTPROS: A HUMAN FACTORS BASED (VR) TRAINING FRAMEWORK FOR DECISION-MAKING AND ACTING CAPABILITIES UNDER STRESS AND IN HIGH-RISK SITUATIONS FOR EUROPEAN LEAS.

Cite this