TY - JOUR
T1 - Normative values and affecting factors for the elbow range of motion
AU - Zwerus, Elisa L.
AU - Willigenburg, Nienke W.
AU - Scholtes, Vanessa A.
AU - Somford, Matthijs P.
AU - Eygendaal, Denise
AU - van den Bekerom, Michel P.J.
PY - 2019/6/1
Y1 - 2019/6/1
N2 - Introduction: Abnormalities in the elbow range of motion (ROM) can be subtle; therefore, it is important that the examiner can compare findings with reliable reference values, matching the patients’ characteristics. Primarily, we aimed to provide normative values for the elbow ROM in subpopulations based on age, sex, dominance and body mass index (BMI). The secondary objective was to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability. Methods: aROM (active range of motion) and pROM (passive range of motion) were measured bilaterally in healthy adults using a universal goniometer. The influence of factors affecting the ROM was calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In two samples of subjects, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were determined. Results: The study population (n = 352) consisted of 47.2% male and 52.8% female subjects. For aROM (dominant hand), mean flexion was 146°, extension –2°, pronation 80° and supination 87°. Male subjects had smaller ROM compared to females (p < 0.001). Differences between dominant and nondominant hand were less than one degree. pROMs were 3° to 5° larger than aROMs (p < 0.001). Intra- and inter-rater reliability was good. Conclusions: Elbow ROM is influenced by age, sex and BMI. In the general population, the ROM of the uninjured side can serve as a reference in case of an injured elbow.
AB - Introduction: Abnormalities in the elbow range of motion (ROM) can be subtle; therefore, it is important that the examiner can compare findings with reliable reference values, matching the patients’ characteristics. Primarily, we aimed to provide normative values for the elbow ROM in subpopulations based on age, sex, dominance and body mass index (BMI). The secondary objective was to determine intra- and inter-rater reliability. Methods: aROM (active range of motion) and pROM (passive range of motion) were measured bilaterally in healthy adults using a universal goniometer. The influence of factors affecting the ROM was calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In two samples of subjects, intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were determined. Results: The study population (n = 352) consisted of 47.2% male and 52.8% female subjects. For aROM (dominant hand), mean flexion was 146°, extension –2°, pronation 80° and supination 87°. Male subjects had smaller ROM compared to females (p < 0.001). Differences between dominant and nondominant hand were less than one degree. pROMs were 3° to 5° larger than aROMs (p < 0.001). Intra- and inter-rater reliability was good. Conclusions: Elbow ROM is influenced by age, sex and BMI. In the general population, the ROM of the uninjured side can serve as a reference in case of an injured elbow.
KW - elbow
KW - joint mobility
KW - normative values
KW - range of motion
KW - reference values
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U2 - 10.1177/1758573217728711
DO - 10.1177/1758573217728711
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85075568807
VL - 11
SP - 215
EP - 224
JO - Shoulder and Elbow
JF - Shoulder and Elbow
SN - 1758-5732
IS - 3
ER -