Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3

Robert J.H. Dunn; Nicholas Herold; Lisa V. Alexander; Markus G. Donat; Rob Allan; Margot Bador; Manola Brunet; Vincent Cheng; Wan Maisarah Wan Ibadullah; Muhammad Khairul Izzat Bin Ibrahim; Andries Kruger; Hisayuki Kubota; Tanya J.R. Lippmann; Jose Marengo; Sifiso Mbatha; Simon McGree; Sandile Ngwenya; Jose Daniel Pabon Caicedo; Andrea Ramos; Jim Salinger; Gerard van der Schrier; Arvind Srivastava; Blair Trewin; Ricardo Vásquez Yáñez; Jorge Vazquez-Aguirre; Claudia Villaroel Jiménez; Russ Vose; Mohd Noor’Arifin Bin Hj Yussof; Xuebin Zhang

doi:10.1029/2023EA003279

Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3

Robert J.H. Dunn^*, Nicholas Herold, Lisa V. Alexander, Markus G. Donat, Rob Allan, Margot Bador, Manola Brunet, Vincent Cheng, Wan Maisarah Wan Ibadullah, Muhammad Khairul Izzat Bin Ibrahim, Andries Kruger, Hisayuki Kubota, Tanya J.R. Lippmann, Jose Marengo, Sifiso Mbatha, Simon McGree, Sandile Ngwenya, Jose Daniel Pabon Caicedo, Andrea Ramos, Jim SalingerGerard van der Schrier, Arvind Srivastava, Blair Trewin, Ricardo Vásquez Yáñez, Jorge Vazquez-Aguirre, Claudia Villaroel Jiménez, Russ Vose, Mohd Noor’Arifin Bin Hj Yussof, Xuebin Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

Earth and Climate

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with T_max > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with T_min < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.

Original language	English
Article number	e2023EA003279
Pages (from-to)	1-22
Number of pages	22
Journal	Earth and Space Science
Volume	11
Issue number	4
Early online date	4 Apr 2024
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003279
Publication status	Published - Apr 2024

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, Crown copyright, Commonwealth of Australia and The Authors. Earth and Space Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

Funding

All software, with the exception of Climpact2 which is in R (Ihaka & Gentleman, 1996 ; R Core Team, 2013 ), have been written in Python 3 (Python Software Foundation, 2013 ). The dependencies and interplay between them have been controlled using a Rose (Shin et al., 2019 )/Cylc suite (Oliver et al., 2018 ). RJHD was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by DSIT and by the UK\u2010China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF), and thanks Kate Willett, Lizzie Good and Nick Rayner for useful discussions and comments. LVA was supported by Australian Research Council Grant CE170100023. MGD is grateful for funding by the Horizon 2020 LANDMARC project (grant agreement no. 869367). JM was supported by the RED\u2010CLIMA (Red Espa\u00F1ola e Iberoamericana sobre Variabilidad Clim\u00E1tica y Servicios Clim\u00E1ticos en Ecosistemas Terrestres y Marinos: RED\u2010CLIMA) Project, under Grant INCCLO0023 from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas LINCGLOBAL CSIC from Spain. Additional funding comes from National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change Phase 2 under CNPq Grant 465501/2014\u20101; FAPESP Grant 2014/50848\u20109; and the National Coordination for Higher Education and Training (CAPES) Grants 88887.136402\u201300INCT. Data from Southeast Asia (excl. Indonesia) was supported by work on using ClimPACT2 during the Second Workshop on ASEAN Regional Climate Data, Analysis and Projections (ARCDAP\u20102), 25\u201329 March 2019, Singapore, jointly funded by Meteorological Service Singapore and WMO through the Canada\u2010Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) initiative. Daily data for Mexico were provided by the Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional (SMN) of Comisi\u00F3n Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The Pacific data is associated with an ET\u2010SCI workshop in Fiji over 7\u201311 December 2015 funded by Environment Canada. Additional detail available via https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI\u2010D\u201018\u20100748.1 . We acknowledge the data providers in the ECA&D project ( http://www.ecad.eu ), the SACA&D project ( https://sacad.database.bmkg.go.id ), and the LACA&D project. We thank Thelma Cinco and Rosaline de Guzman (PAGASA\u2010DOST, Philippines), Imke Durre and Matthew Menne (NOAA\u2010NCEI), Tin Mar Htay (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Myanmar), Mahbobeh Khoshkam (I.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization), Gerald Lim and Lim Li\u2010Sha (Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore), Maria de los Milagros Skansi (Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional, Argentina), Chalump Oonariya and Nichanun Trachow (Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand), Cham Pham (National center for Hydro\u2010Meteorological Forecasting of Vietnam, Vietnam), Fatemeh Rahimzadeh (formerly Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Iran), Ernesto Salgado Rubio (Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional, Honduras), Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan (Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia), Lucie Vincent (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada) for supplying data used in this work. We also thank all those who have supplied data for all the HadEX datasets over the past two decades. All software, with the exception of Climpact2 which is in R (Ihaka & Gentleman,\u00A01996; R Core Team,\u00A02013), have been written in Python 3 (Python Software Foundation,\u00A02013). The dependencies and interplay between them have been controlled using a Rose (Shin et\u00A0al.,\u00A02019)/Cylc suite (Oliver et\u00A0al.,\u00A02018). RJHD was supported by the Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme funded by DSIT and by the UK-China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund through the Met Office Climate Science for Service Partnership (CSSP) China under the International Science Partnerships Fund (ISPF), and thanks Kate Willett, Lizzie Good and Nick Rayner for useful discussions and comments. LVA was supported by Australian Research Council Grant CE170100023. MGD is grateful for funding by the Horizon 2020 LANDMARC project (grant agreement no. 869367). JM was supported by the RED-CLIMA (Red Espa\u00F1ola e Iberoamericana sobre Variabilidad Clim\u00E1tica y Servicios Clim\u00E1ticos en Ecosistemas Terrestres y Marinos: RED-CLIMA) Project, under Grant INCCLO0023 from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas LINCGLOBAL CSIC from Spain. Additional funding comes from National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change Phase 2 under CNPq Grant 465501/2014-1; FAPESP Grant 2014/50848-9; and the National Coordination for Higher Education and Training (CAPES) Grants 88887.136402\u201300INCT. Data from Southeast Asia (excl. Indonesia) was supported by work on using ClimPACT2 during the Second Workshop on ASEAN Regional Climate Data, Analysis and Projections (ARCDAP-2), 25\u201329 March 2019, Singapore, jointly funded by Meteorological Service Singapore and WMO through the Canada-Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS) initiative. Daily data for Mexico were provided by the Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional (SMN) of Comisi\u00F3n Nacional del Agua (CONAGUA). The Pacific data is associated with an ET-SCI workshop in Fiji over 7\u201311 December 2015 funded by Environment Canada. Additional detail available via https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0748.1. We acknowledge the data providers in the ECA&D project (http://www.ecad.eu), the SACA&D project (https://sacad.database.bmkg.go.id), and the LACA&D project. We thank Thelma Cinco and Rosaline de Guzman (PAGASA-DOST, Philippines), Imke Durre and Matthew Menne (NOAA-NCEI), Tin Mar Htay (Department of Meteorology and Hydrology, Myanmar), Mahbobeh Khoshkam (I.R. of Iran Meteorological Organization), Gerald Lim and Lim Li-Sha (Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore), Maria de los Milagros Skansi (Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional, Argentina), Chalump Oonariya and Nichanun Trachow (Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand), Cham Pham (National center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting of Vietnam, Vietnam), Fatemeh Rahimzadeh (formerly Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center, Iran), Ernesto Salgado Rubio (Servicio Meteorol\u00F3gico Nacional, Honduras), Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan (Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics (BMKG), Indonesia), Lucie Vincent (Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada) for supplying data used in this work. We also thank all those who have supplied data for all the HadEX datasets over the past two decades.

Funders	Funder number
National Coordination for Higher Education and Training
Maria de los Milagros Skansi
Mahbobeh Khoshkam
Agency for Meteorology Climatology and Geophysics
Southeast Asia
NOAA-NCEI
Fatemeh Rahimzadeh
Gerald Lim and Lim Li-Sha
World Meteorological Organization
Department for Science, Innovation and Technology
Environment Canada
Ernesto Salgado Rubio
Comisión Nacional del Agua
Ardhasena Sopaheluwakan
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional
Python Software Foundation
Iran Meteorological Organization
UK‐China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund
International Science Partnerships Fund
Horizon 2020 LANDMARC
PAGASA-DOST
BMKG
Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme
Thelma Cinco and Rosaline de Guzman
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
UK-China Research & Innovation Partnership Fund
Meteorological Service Singapore
Red Española e Iberoamericana sobre Variabilidad Climática y Servicios Climáticos en Ecosistemas Terrestres y Marinos	INCCLO0023
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior	ARCDAP‐2, 88887.136402–00INCT
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo	2014/50848‐9
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	869367
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico	465501/2014‐1
Australian Research Council	CE170100023
Not added	20K20328

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10.1029/2023EA003279

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Dunn, R. J. H., Herold, N., Alexander, L. V., Donat, M. G., Allan, R., Bador, M., Brunet, M., Cheng, V., Ibadullah, W. M. W., Ibrahim, M. K. I. B., Kruger, A., Kubota, H., Lippmann, T. J. R., Marengo, J., Mbatha, S., McGree, S., Ngwenya, S., Pabon Caicedo, J. D., Ramos, A., ... Zhang, X. (2024). Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3. Earth and Space Science, 11(4), 1-22. Article e2023EA003279. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003279

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title = "Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3",

abstract = "Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.",

author = "Dunn, \{Robert J.H.\} and Nicholas Herold and Alexander, \{Lisa V.\} and Donat, \{Markus G.\} and Rob Allan and Margot Bador and Manola Brunet and Vincent Cheng and Ibadullah, \{Wan Maisarah Wan\} and Ibrahim, \{Muhammad Khairul Izzat Bin\} and Andries Kruger and Hisayuki Kubota and Lippmann, \{Tanya J.R.\} and Jose Marengo and Sifiso Mbatha and Simon McGree and Sandile Ngwenya and \{Pabon Caicedo\}, \{Jose Daniel\} and Andrea Ramos and Jim Salinger and \{van der Schrier\}, Gerard and Arvind Srivastava and Blair Trewin and Y{\'a}{\~n}ez, \{Ricardo V{\'a}squez\} and Jorge Vazquez-Aguirre and Jim{\'e}nez, \{Claudia Villaroel\} and Russ Vose and Yussof, \{Mohd Noor{\textquoteright}Arifin Bin Hj\} and Xuebin Zhang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, Crown copyright, Commonwealth of Australia and The Authors. Earth and Space Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.",

year = "2024",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1029/2023EA003279",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

pages = "1--22",

journal = "Earth and Space Science",

issn = "2333-5084",

publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",

number = "4",

}

Dunn, RJH, Herold, N, Alexander, LV, Donat, MG, Allan, R, Bador, M, Brunet, M, Cheng, V, Ibadullah, WMW, Ibrahim, MKIB, Kruger, A, Kubota, H, Lippmann, TJR, Marengo, J, Mbatha, S, McGree, S, Ngwenya, S, Pabon Caicedo, JD, Ramos, A, Salinger, J, van der Schrier, G, Srivastava, A, Trewin, B, Yáñez, RV, Vazquez-Aguirre, J, Jiménez, CV, Vose, R, Yussof, MNABH & Zhang, X 2024, 'Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3', Earth and Space Science, vol. 11, no. 4, e2023EA003279, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023EA003279

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T1 - Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3

AU - Dunn, Robert J.H.

AU - Herold, Nicholas

AU - Alexander, Lisa V.

AU - Donat, Markus G.

AU - Allan, Rob

AU - Bador, Margot

AU - Brunet, Manola

AU - Cheng, Vincent

AU - Ibadullah, Wan Maisarah Wan

AU - Ibrahim, Muhammad Khairul Izzat Bin

AU - Kruger, Andries

AU - Kubota, Hisayuki

AU - Lippmann, Tanya J.R.

AU - Marengo, Jose

AU - Mbatha, Sifiso

AU - McGree, Simon

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AU - Pabon Caicedo, Jose Daniel

AU - Ramos, Andrea

AU - Salinger, Jim

AU - van der Schrier, Gerard

AU - Srivastava, Arvind

AU - Trewin, Blair

AU - Yáñez, Ricardo Vásquez

AU - Vazquez-Aguirre, Jorge

AU - Jiménez, Claudia Villaroel

AU - Vose, Russ

AU - Yussof, Mohd Noor’Arifin Bin Hj

AU - Zhang, Xuebin

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2024 His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, Crown copyright, Commonwealth of Australia and The Authors. Earth and Space Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the King's Printer for Scotland. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

PY - 2024/4

Y1 - 2024/4

N2 - Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.

AB - Global gridded data sets of observed extremes indices underpin assessments of changes in climate extremes. However, similar efforts to enable the assessment of indices relevant to different sectors of society have been missing. Here we present a data set of sector-specific indices, based on daily station data, that extends the HadEX3 data set of climate extremes indices. These additional indices, which can be used singly or in combinations, have been recommended by the World Meteorological Organization and are intended to empower decision makers in different sectors with accurate historical information about how sector-relevant measures of the climate are changing, especially in regions where in situ daily temperature and rainfall data are hard to come by. The annual and/or monthly indices have been interpolated on to a 1.875° × 1.25° longitude-latitude grid for 1901–2018. We show changes in globally-averaged time series of these indices in comparison with reanalysis products. Changes in temperature-based indices are consistent with global scale warming, with days with Tmax > 30°C (TXge30) increasing virtually everywhere with potential impacts on crop fertility. At the other end of the scale, the number of days with Tmin < −2°C (TNltm2) are reducing, decreasing potential damage from frosts. Changes in heat wave characteristics show increases in the number, duration and intensity of these extreme events in most places. The gridded netCDF files and, where possible, the underlying station indices are available from https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadex3 and https://www.climdex.org.

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Observed Global Changes in Sector-Relevant Climate Extremes Indices—An Extension to HadEX3

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