Abstract
The Advanced Virgo Plus detector, an upgrade of the Advanced Virgo Detector, is a dual-recycled Fabry–Perot Michelson interferometer characterized by 3 km long arm cavities. The main upgrades in view of the fourth observing run (O4) were the implementation of the signal recycling cavity and the installation of the frequency-dependent squeezing system. Another upgrade was the increasing of the laser power at the input of the detector, which could lead to more severe thermal aberrations impacting the achievement of the interferometer optimal working point. Therefore, the fine-tuning of the thermal compensation system, optimized with respect to the one implemented for the O3 run, was also challenging. In order to achieve the best performance of such a sophisticated optical system, having a clear knowledge of all its optical parameters is crucial. The optical characterization of the detector in different working conditions could help in understanding its behavior and optimizing the global control system. Moreover, the characterization in different thermal conditions, i.e., different values of the input laser power or different configurations of the thermal compensation system, could provide significant guidance for the optimization of the thermal tuning. In this paper, we will describe all the methodologies adopted for the optical characterization activities performed in Advanced Virgo Plus, presenting the experimental results for all the relevant parameters obtained during the preparation of the O4 run.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 4710-4726 |
| Number of pages | 17 |
| Journal | Applied Optics |
| Volume | 64 |
| Issue number | 17 |
| Early online date | 10 Jun 2025 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2025 |
Bibliographical note
Publisher Copyright:© 2025 Optica Publishing Group.
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Consellera d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana, and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union-European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Minister of Science, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRSFNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertés (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), the European Commission. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, CNRS, and Nikhef for the provision of computational resources. The authors would like to extend special thanks to the control room operators, whose efforts made this work possible: Andrea Magazzu, Beatrice Montanari, Fabio Gherardini, Francesco Berni, Gianmatteo Sposito, Lorenzo Irace, and Nicola Menzione. Acknowledgment. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, the Consellera d’Innovació, Universitats, Ciència i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana, and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union—European Regional Development Fund; Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Minister of Science, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concertés (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek—Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), the European Commission. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN, CNRS, and Nikhef for the provision of computational resources. The authors would like to extend special thanks to the control room operators, whose efforts made this work possible: Andrea Magazzu, Beatrice Montanari, Fabio Gherardini, Francesco Berni, Gianmatteo Sposito, Lorenzo Irace, and Nicola Menzione. †Virgo Collaboration Author Listing F. Acernese,1,2 D. Agarwal,3 L. Aiello,4,5 A. Ain,6 S. Albanesi,7,8 C. Alléné,9 A. Allocca,10,2 A. Amato,11,12 C. Amra,13 M. Andia,14 M. Andrés-Carcasona,15 T. Andrade,16 T. Andrić,17 S. Ansoldi,18,19 S. Antier,20 E. Z. Appavuravther,21,22 M. Arca Sedda,17 F. Armato,23,24 N. Arnaud,14,25 M. Assiduo,26,27 S. Assis de Souza Melo,25 P. Astone,28 F. Attadio,29,28 F. Aubin,30 G. Avallone,31 S. Babak,32 F. Badaracco,23 S. Bagnasco,8 E. Bagui,33 T. Baka,34 G. Ballardin,25 B. Banerjee,17 P. Barneo,16,35 F. Barone,36,2 M. Barsuglia,32 D. Barta,37 A. Basti,38,39 M. Bawaj,40,21 M. Bazzan,41,42 F. Beirnaert,43 M. Bejger,44 D. Belardinelli,5 L. Bellizzi,39,38 I. Bentara,45 S. Bernuzzi,7 D. Bersanetti,23 A. Bertolini,12 G. Bevilacqua,46 V. Biancalana,46 A. Bianchi,12,47 A. Binetti,48 S. Bini,49,50 M. Bitossi,25,39 M.-A. Bizouard,20 F. Bobba,31,51 G. Boileau,20 M. Boldrini,28,29 A. Bolliand,52,13 L. D. Bonavena,41 R. Bondarescu,16 F. Bondu,53 R. Bonnand,9,52 V. Boschi,39 A. Boudon,45 A. Bozzi,25 C. Bradaschia,39 M. Branchesi,17,54 T. Briant,55 A. Brillet,20 M. L. Brozzetti,40,21 G. Bruno,3 F. Bucci,27 O. Bulashenko,16,35 T. Bulik,56 H. J. Bulten,12 R. Buscicchio,57,58 D. Buskulic,9 C. Buy,59 G. Cabras,18,19 R. Cabrita,3 G. Cagnoli,60 E. Calloni,10,2 M. Canepa,24,23 G. Caneva Santoro,15 E. Capocasa,32 G. Capurri,39,38 G. Carapella,31,51 F. Carbognani,25 M. Carpinelli,57,61,25 G. Carullo,62 J. Casanueva Diaz,25 C. Casentini,63,4,5 S. Caudill,12,34 R. Cavalieri,25 G. Cella,39 P. Cerdá-Durán,64,65 E. Cesarini,5 W. Chaibi,20 E. Chassande-Mottin,32 S. Chaty,32 C. Checchia,46 P. Chessa,40,21 F. Chiadini,66,51 G. Chiarini,42 R. Chierici,45 A. Chincarini,23 M. L. Chiofalo,38,39 A. Chiummo,2,25 N. Christensen,20 G. Ciani,49,50 M. Ciéslar,56 P. Ciecielag,44 M. Cifaldi,5 R. Ciolfi,67,42 S. Clesse,33 E. Coccia,17,54,15 E. Codazzo,68 P.-F. Cohadon,55 S. Colace,24 A. Colombo,69,58 L. Conti,42 I. Cordero-Carrión,70 S. Corezzi,40,21 S. Cortese,25 A. Couineaux,28 J.-P. Coulon,20 J.-F. Coupechoux,45 J. R. Cudell,71 E. Cuoco,72,73 M. Cusinato,64 B. D’Angelo,23 S. D’Antonio,5 L. D’Onofrio,28 D. D’Urso,74,68 G. Dálya,59 P. Dabadie,60 S. Dall’Osso,28 T. Dal Canton,14 S. Dal Pra,75 S. Danilishin,11,12 V. Dattilo,25 A. Daumas,32 N. Davari,74,61 M. Davier,14 P. Davis,76,77 J. Degallaix,78 S. Deléglise,55 D. Dell’Aquila,74,61 F. Della Valle,46 W. Del Pozzo,38,39 G. Demasi,79,27 A. Depasse,3 J. De Bolle,43 M. De Laurentis,10,2 F. De Lillo,6 F. De Marco,29,28 F. De Matteis,4,5 R. De Pietri,80,81 R. De Rosa,10,2 C. De Rossi,25 R. De Simone,66 D. Diksha,12,11 J. Ding,32,82 M. Di Cesare,10,2 L. Di Fiore,2 M. Di Giovanni,29,28 T. Di Girolamo,10,2 A. Di Michele,40 S. Di Pace,29,28 I. Di Palma,29,28 F. Di Renzo,45 T. Dooney,34 O. Dorosh,83 M. Drago,29,28 J.-G. Ducoin,84,32 U. Dupletsa,17 H. Duval,85 M. Ebersold,9 H. Einsle,20 L. Errico,10,2 M. Esposito,2,10 F. Fabrizi,26,27 F. Faedi,27,26 V. Fafone,4,5 G. Favaro,41 M. Fays,71 R. . Felicetti,86 E. Fenyvesi,37,87 T. Fernandes,88,64 S. Ferraiuolo,89,29,28 I. Ferrante,38,39 F. Fidecaro,38,39 P. Figura,44 A. Fiori,39,38 I. Fiori,25 R. Fittipaldi,90,51 V. Fiumara,91,51 R. Flaminio,10 J. A. Font,64,65 K. Franceschetti,80 N. Franchini,92 S. Frasca,29,28 F. Frasconi,39 A. Frattale Mascioli,29,28 A. Freise,12,47 O. Freitas,88,64 G. G. Fronzé,8 B. Gadre,34 S. Galaudage,93 R. Gamba,7 B. Garaventa,23,24 J. Garćıa-Bellido,94 J. Gargiulo,25 F. Garufi,10,2 C. Gasbarra,4,5 F. Gautier,95 G. Gemme,23 A. Gennai,39 V. Gennari,59 Archisman Ghosh,43 S. Gkaitatzis,38,39 F. Glotin,14 S. Gomez Lopez,29,28 B. Goncharov,17 M. Gosselin,25 R. Gouaty,9 A. Grado,40,21 M. Granata,78 V. Granata,31 G. Greco,21 A. C. Green,12,47 G. Grignani,40,21 C. Grimaud,9 D. Guerra,64 D. Guetta,96 G. M. Guidi,26,27 F. Gulminelli,76,77 Y. Guo,12,11 P. Gupta,12,34 N. Gutierrez,78 M. Haney,12 S. Harikumar,83 K. Haris,12,34 T. Harmark,62 J. Harms,17,54 B. Haskell,44 H. Heitmann,20 G. Hemming,25 S. Hild,11,12 D. Hofman,78 N. A. Holland,12,47 L. Honet,33 C. A. Hrishikesh,4 W.-F. Hsu,48 V. Hui,9 L. Iampieri,29,28 G. A. Iandolo,11 M. Ianni,5,4 A. Ierardi,17 A. Iess,97,39 G. Iorio,41 P. Iosif,86,19 C. Jacquet,59 P.-E. Jacquet,55 J. Janquart,3 K. Janssens,6,20 S. Jaraba,94 P. Jaranowski,98 V. Juste,33 I. Khan,99,13 W. Kiendrebeogo,20,100 G. Koekoek,12,11 S. Koley,17 A. Koushik,6 A. Królak,101,83 S. L. Kranzhoff,11,12 J. Kubisz,102 P. Lagabbe,9,49 D. Laghi,59 M. Lalleman,6 A. Lartaux-Vollard,14 C. Lazarte,64 C. Lazzaro,103,68 A. La Rana,28 P. Leaci,29,28 A. Lemaˆıtre,104 M. Lenti,27,79 M. Leonardi,49,50,105 M. Lequime,13 N. Leroy,14 N. Letendre,9 M. Lethuillier,45 K. Leyde,32 M. Le Jean,78 T. G. F. Li,48 J.-P. Locquet,48 A. Longo,26,27 D. Lopez,71 M. Lopez Portilla,34 M. Lorenzini,4,5 V. Loriette,14 G. Losurdo,97,39 L. Lucchesi,39 D. Lumaca,5 A. Macquet,14 S. Maenaut,48 R. Maggiore,12,47 M. Magnozzi,23,24 E. Majorana,29,28 N. Man,20 V. Mangano,28,29 M. Mantovani,25 M. Mapelli,41,42,106 D. Marín Pina,16,35,107 F. Marchesoni,22,21,108 C. Marinelli,46 F. Marion,9 S. Marsat,59 F. Martelli,26,27 M. Martinez,15,109 V. Martinez,60 A. Martini,49,50 L. Massaro,11,12 A. Masserot,9 M. Mastrodicasa,28,29 S. Mastrogiovanni,28 T. Matcovich,21 Q. Meijer,34 S. Mellaerts,48 L. Mereni,78 M. Merzougui,20 B. Mestichelli,17 A. Miani,49,50 C. Michel,78 A. L. Miller,12 E. Milotti,86,19 V. Milotti,41 Y. Minenkov,5 Ll. M. Mir,15 L. Mirasola,68,103 M. Miravet-Tenés,64 C.-A. Miritescu,15 A. L. Mitchell,12,47 L. Mobilia,26,27 C. Mondal,76 M. Montani,26,27 G. Morras,94 A. Moscatello,41 B. Mours,30 C. M. Mow-Lowry,12,47 F. Muciaccia,29,28 Suvodip Mukherjee,110 D. Nabari,49,50 A. Nagar,8,111 D. Nanadoumgar-Lacroze,15 V. Napolano,25 I. Nardecchia,5 H. Narola,34 L. Naticchioni,28 G. Nieradka,44 S. Nissanke,110,12 E. Nitoglia,45 F. Nocera,25 J. Novak,52,112,113 J. F. Nun˜o Siles,94 M. Oertel,112,52,114,113 A. Offermans,48 G. Oganesyan,17,54 R. Oliveri,52,114,113 M. Orselli,21,40 A. Ouzriat,45 C. Périgois,67,42,41 L. Paiella,17 M. A. Palaia,39,38 P. P. Palma,29,4,5 C. Palomba,28 P. Palud,32 R. Panai,68,41 P. T. H. Pang,12,34 F. Pannarale,29,28 F. Paoletti,39 A. Paolone,28,115 L. Papalini,39,38 G. Papigkiotis,116 A. Paquis,14 A. Parisi,40,21 D. Pascucci,43 A. Pasqualetti,25 R. Passaquieti,38,39 D. Passuello,39 B. Patricelli,38,39 A. Perego,49,50 G. Perna,41 A. Perreca,49,50 J. Perret,32 S. Perriès,45 J. W. Perry,12,47 D. Pesios,116 C. Petrillo,40 M. Piarulli,59 L. Piccari,29,28 M. Pichot,20 M. Piendibene,38,39 F. Piergiovanni,26,27 L. Pierini,28 G. Pierra,45 V. Pierro,117,51 M. Pietrzak,44 M. Pillas,71 F. Pilo,39 L. Pinard,78 I. M. Pinto,117,51,118,10 M. Pinto,25 A. Placidi,21 E. Placidi,29,28 W. Plastino,119,5 R. Poggiani,38,39 E. Porcelli,12 E. K. Porter,32 R. Poulton,25 M. Pracchia,71 T. Pradier,30 G. Principe,86,19 G. A. Prodi,49,50 P. Prosperi,39 P. Prosposito,4,5 A. Puecher,12,34 M. Punturo,21 P. Puppo,28 G. Quéméner,77,52 I. Rainho,64 A. Ramos-Buades,12 P. Rapagnani,29,28 M. Razzano,38,39 M. Recaman Payo,48 T. Regimbau,9 L. Rei,23 A. Renzini,57 B. Revenu,120,14 A. S. Rezaei,28,29 F. Ricci,29,28 M. Ricci,28,29 A. Ricciardone,38,39 S. Rinaldi,106,41 F. Robinet,14 A. Rocchi,5 L. Rolland,9 R. Romano,1,2 A. Romero,9 S. Ronchini,17,54 L.Rosa,2,10D.Rosińska,56S.Roy,3D.Rozza,57,58P.Ruggi,25E.Ruiz Morales,121,94 P. Saffarieh,12,47 T. Sainrat,30 S. Sajith Menon,96,29,28 O. S. Salafia,69,58,57 L. Salconi,25 F. Salemi,29,28 M. Sallé,12 S. Salvador,77,76 A. Samajdar,34,12 N. Sanchis-Gual,64 F. Santoliquido,17 F. Sarandrea,8 A. Sasli,116 P. Sassi,21,40 B. Sassolas,78 S. Sayah,9 V. Scacco,4,5 S. Schmidt,34 K. Schouteden,48 M. Scialpi,122 M. Seglar-Arroyo,15 D. Sentenac,25 J. W. Seo,48 V. Sequino,10,2 M. Serra,28 G. Servignat,32,114 A. Sevrin,85 N. S. Shcheblanov,123,104 L. Silenzi,21,22 A. Singha,11,12 V. Sipala,74,68 L. Smith,86 V. Sordini,45 F. Sorrentino,23 F. Spada,39 V. Spagnuolo,11,12 M. Spera,19,124 P. Spinicelli,25 D. A. Steer,125 J. Steinlechner,11,12 S. Steinlechner,11,12 N. Stergioulas,116 P. Stevens,14 F. Stolzi,46 G. Stratta,126,63,28,127 M. Suchenek,44 S. Sudhagar,44 J. Suresh,20 B.L.Swinkels,12A.Syx,30M.J.Szczepańczyk,128P.Szewczyk,56 M. Tacca,12 N. Tamanini,59 E. N. Tapia San Martín,12 C. Taranto,4,5 A. Theodoropoulos,64 J. Tissino,17 P. Tiwari,17 A. Torres-Forné,64,65 M. Toscani,59 I. Tosta e Melo,129 E. Tournefier,9 M. Trad Nery,20
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