Pandemic Preparedness: The Importance of Adequate Immune Fitness

P. Kiani; J. Balikji; A.D. Kraneveld; J. Garssen; G. Bruce; J.C. Verster

doi:10.3390/jcm11092442

Pandemic Preparedness: The Importance of Adequate Immune Fitness

P. Kiani
, J. Balikji
, A.D. Kraneveld
, J. Garssen
, G. Bruce
, J.C. Verster

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Pandemic preparedness is an important issue in relation to future pandemics. The two studies described here aimed to identify factors predicting the presence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) symptoms. The CLOFIT study comprised an online survey among the Dutch population (n = 1415). Perceived immune fitness before the pandemic (2019) and during the first lockdown period (15 March–11 May 2020) and the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms were assessed. The COTEST study, conducted between December 2020 and June 2021, replicated the CLOFIT study in n = 925 participants who were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in Dutch commercial test locations. The CLOFIT study revealed that immune fitness before the pandemic was the greatest predictor of the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms (20.1% and 19.8%, respectively). Other significant predictors included immune fitness during the lockdown (5.5% and 7.1%, respectively), and having underlying diseases (0.4% and 0.5%, respectively). In the COTEST study, for those who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, immune fitness before the pandemic was the single predictor of the number (27.2%) and severity (33.1%) of COVID‐19 symptoms during the pandemic. In conclusion, for those who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, immune fitness before the pandemic was the strongest predictor of the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms during the pandemic. Therefore, the development of strategies to maintain an adequate immune fitness must be regarded as an essential component of pandemic preparedness.

Original language	English
Article number	2442
Journal	Journal of Clinical Medicine
Volume	11
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092442
Publication status	Published - 1 May 2022
Externally published	Yes

Funding

Conflicts of Interest: Over the past 3 years, J.C.V. has acted as a consultant/advisor for KNMP, Mentis, More Labs, Red Bull, Sen‐Jam Pharmaceutical, and Toast!. A.D.K. has held research grants from H2020, Nutricia‐Danone, Netherlands Center of Translational Research, Lung Fund, SGF/Health Holland and NWO. J.G. is part‐time employee of Nutricia Research and received re‐ search grants from Nutricia research foundation, Top Institute Pharma, Top Institute Food and Nutrition, GSK, STW, NWO, Friesland Campina, CCC, Raak‐Pro, and EU. P.K. is a part‐time employee of Lead Healthcare. G.B. and J.B. have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Funders
Friesland Campina
Health Holland
Netherlands Center of Translational Research, Lung Fund
Nutricia Research
SGF
Top Institute Food and Nutrition
GlaxoSmithKline
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
European Commission
Nutricia Research Foundation
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen
Top Institute Pharma
Childhood Cancer Canada

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being

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10.3390/jcm11092442

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abstract = "{\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Pandemic preparedness is an important issue in relation to future pandemics. The two studies described here aimed to identify factors predicting the presence and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) symptoms. The CLOFIT study comprised an online survey among the Dutch population (n = 1415). Perceived immune fitness before the pandemic (2019) and during the first lockdown period (15 March–11 May 2020) and the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms were assessed. The COTEST study, conducted between December 2020 and June 2021, replicated the CLOFIT study in n = 925 participants who were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in Dutch commercial test locations. The CLOFIT study revealed that immune fitness before the pandemic was the greatest predictor of the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms (20.1\% and 19.8\%, respectively). Other significant predictors included immune fitness during the lockdown (5.5\% and 7.1\%, respectively), and having underlying diseases (0.4\% and 0.5\%, respectively). In the COTEST study, for those who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, immune fitness before the pandemic was the single predictor of the number (27.2\%) and severity (33.1\%) of COVID‐19 symptoms during the pandemic. In conclusion, for those who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2, immune fitness before the pandemic was the strongest predictor of the number and severity of COVID‐19 symptoms during the pandemic. Therefore, the development of strategies to maintain an adequate immune fitness must be regarded as an essential component of pandemic preparedness.",

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Pandemic Preparedness: The Importance of Adequate Immune Fitness

Abstract

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UN SDGs

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