Parenting Self-Efficacy Predicts Perceptions of Infant Negative Temperament Characteristics, Not Vice Versa

Infant temperamental characteristics have been found associated with decreasing parenting self-efficacy(PSE) during the first year after birth, which has been generally interpreted as a child effect on the parent.To test direction of effects, PSE was assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy and twice after birthtogether with perceived infant temperament in a group of first-time pregnant women (N = 616).Cross-lagged path analysis showed that PSE, even when assessed prior to birth, predicted characteristicsof infant negative temperament. Infant negative temperamental characteristics were concurrently, but notprospectively, associated with decreased PSE. These findings indicate that perceptions of infant temperamentmay partly be shaped by parents' self-perception, rather than the other way around. © 2013 American Psychological Association.