Abstract
Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have been facing different cooperation models in the last fifty years regarding space policy and industrial activities. The period before the 1990s provided these countries with a strong heritage of expertise in space engagement which after the fall of the ‘Eastern Block’ offered the basis for cooperation with the other European countries and organisations. The way space policy in the CEE region was shaped during the early period and the way collaboration is conducted today have not been fully analysed. The objective of this paper is to provide a holistic analysis of the evolution of past and present developments of the CEE countries in space activities. The main focus of this paper is given to the Intercosmos period before the 1990s and following that, the integration process of these countries to the European Space Agency (ESA). Additionally, the CEE countries have been engaging in cooperation with other space agencies in Europe and outside. The countries also participate through the EU and its two flagship programmes Galileo and Copernicus amongst others. Furthermore, this paper provides an overview of the ESA accession process established in the early 2000s as ESA responded to the increasing interest of the CEE countries to engage in cooperation in the field of space. The comparison of both, historical and recent developments on CEE countries in space activities, indicates that CEE region has the basis for integrating in the European space sector. Participation in ESA and collaboration with other space faring nations is needed to ensure successful transformation of both their scientific and industrial basis as well as their governance, to the evolving space sector while utilizing the heritage obtained through the past engagements.
Original language | English |
---|---|
Pages (from-to) | 132-140 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Acta astronautica |
Volume | 148 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 1 Jul 2018 |
Funding
The Central and Eastern European countries (CEE) 2 2 have only recently engaged in ESA activities. The integration of the CEE region into ESA has been taking place in parallel to their integration into the European Union (EU). However, cooperation of the CEE countries had already taken place in the past, during the second half of the 1960s through the establishment of a cooperative programme called ‘Intercosmos’, nonetheless, the individual CEE governments at that time were rarely afforded choices in collaboration in the context of this programme. It was led by the Soviet Union of Socialist Republics (USSR), which provided the main launch facilities and technical capabilities for those countries interested in participating in space exploration. It became institutionalised through the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) and was supported by the national Academies of Sciences of each cooperating state. The Intercosmos programme, the COMECON and other strategic political, economic and military partnerships between the CEE were abandoned during the early 1990s, after the collapse of the USSR. In light of losing such, even limited, conditions for space activities that had been provided thus far by the USSR, the CEE countries reoriented their interests towards ESA. Over the past years the numbers of the CEE countries interested in becoming ESA Member State have significantly increased. ESA, as the responsible IGO for space activities in Europe, is called to react to this increasing interest on its membership and build a tailored integration process reflecting these countries' need to become successful members.
Funders | Funder number |
---|---|
Council of Mutual Economic Assistance |
Keywords
- Central and Eastern Europe
- European Space Agency
- Integration process
- Intercosmos