Abstract
Research has focused more and more on the interplay between genetics and environment in predicting different forms of psychopathology, including depressive symptoms. While the polygenic nature of depressive symptoms is increasingly recognized, only few studies have applied a polygenic approach in gene-by-environment interaction (G × E) studies. Furthermore, longitudinal G × E studies on developmental psychopathological properties of depression are scarce. Therefore, this 6-year longitudinal community study examined the interaction between genetic risk for major depression and a multi-informant longitudinal index of critical parenting in relation to depressive symptom development from early to late adolescence. The sample consisted of 327 Dutch adolescents of European descent (56% boys; Mage T1 = 13.00, SDage T1 = 0.44). Polygenic risk for major depression was based on the Hyde et al. (Nature Genetics, 48, 1031–1036, 2016) meta-analysis and genetic sensitivity analyses were based on the 23andMe discovery dataset. Latent Growth Models suggested that polygenic risk score for major depression was associated with higher depressive symptoms across adolescence (significant main effect), particularly for those experiencing elevated levels of critical parenting (significant G × E). These findings highlight how polygenic risk for major depression in combination with a general environmental factor impacts depressive symptom development from early to late adolescence.
Original language | English |
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Pages (from-to) | 159-176 |
Number of pages | 18 |
Journal | Journal of Youth and Adolescence |
Volume | 50 |
Issue number | 1 |
Early online date | 23 Nov 2020 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Jan 2021 |
Funding
Data of the RADAR (Research on Adolescent Development And Relationships) Young study were used (10.17026/dans-zrb-v5wp). RADAR has been financially supported by main grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (GB-MAGW 480-03-005, GB-MAGW 480-08-006), Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving (SASS), the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research to the Consortium Individual Development (CID; 024.001.003), and various other grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, VU University Amsterdam, and Utrecht University.
Funders | Funder number |
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Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving | 024.001.003 |
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 773023 |
Universiteit Utrecht | |
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam | |
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | GB-MAGW 480-03-005, GB-MAGW 480-08-006 |
Keywords
- Adolescence
- Depressive symptoms
- Gene-by-environment interaction (G × E)
- Longitudinal
- Parenting
- Polygenic risk score (PRS)