Primary cordierite with > 2.5 wt% CO2 from the UHT Bakhuis Granulite Belt, Surinam: CO2 fluid phase saturation during ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism

Emond W.F. de Roever; Simon L. Harley; Jan M. Huizenga

doi:10.1007/s00410-023-02003-1

Primary cordierite with > 2.5 wt% CO₂ from the UHT Bakhuis Granulite Belt, Surinam: CO₂ fluid phase saturation during ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism

Emond W.F. de Roever^*, Simon L. Harley, Jan M. Huizenga

^*Corresponding author for this work

Geology and Geochemistry

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The Paleoproterozoic Bakhuis Granulite Belt (BGB) in Surinam, South America, shows ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (UHTM) at temperatures of around 1000 °C which, unusually, produced peak-to-near-peak cordierite with sillimanite and, in some cases, Al-rich orthopyroxene on a regional scale. Mg-rich cordierite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.88) in a sillimanite-bearing metapelitic granulite has a maximum birefringence of second-order blue (ca. 0.020) indicative of a considerable amount of CO₂ (> 2 wt%) within its structural channels. SIMS microanalysis confirms the presence of 2.57 ± 0.19 wt% CO₂, the highest CO₂ concentration found in natural cordierite. This high CO₂ content has enabled the stability of cordierite to extend into UHT conditions at high pressures and very low to negligible H₂O activity. Based on a modified calibration of the H₂O–CO₂ incorporation model of Harley et al. (J Metamorph Geol 20:71–86, 2002), this cordierite occupies a stability field that extends from 8.8 ± 0.6 kbar at 750 °C to 11.3 ± 0.65 kbar at 1050 °C. Volatile-saturated cordierite with 2.57 wt% CO₂ and negligible H₂O (0.04 wt%) indicates fluid-present carbonic conditions with a CO₂ activity near 1.0 at peak or near-peak pressures of 10.5–11.3 kbar under UHT temperatures of 950–1050 °C. The measured H₂O content of the cordierite in the metapelite is far too low to be consistent with partial melting at 1000–1050 °C, implying either that nearly all of any H₂O originally in this cordierite under UHT conditions was lost during post-peak cooling or that the cordierite was formed after migmatization. The high level of CO₂ required to ensure fluid saturation of the c. 11 kbar UHT cordierite is proposed to have been derived from an external, possibly mantle, source.

Original language	English
Article number	26
Pages (from-to)	1-20
Number of pages	20
Journal	Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Volume	178
Issue number	4
Early online date	3 Apr 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-023-02003-1
Publication status	Published - Apr 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
EdR is indebted to the Dutch Dr. Schürmann Foundation for Precambrian research ( www.dr-schuermannfonds.nl ) for generous financial support for all his expeditions and field work in the BGB since 2005 (e.g., Grants 38/2006, 70/2010, 90B/2015, 107/2015). The Dutch Molengraaff Foundation is thanked for travel subsidies to MSc-students participating in the field work. The (then) M.Sc. students R.A. de Boer, R.S. Donker, K. de Groot, M. Klaver, W. van de Steeg, A.C.D. Thijssen, B. Uunk, H. C. Vos, and in particular J.A.M. Nanne are thanked for their contributions to this article. Wim Lustenhouwer and Dr. Sergei Matveev made the electron-microprobe analyses of cordierite at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, while M.J.C. Bouten is thanked for analyses with the JEOL JXA 8530F at the Laboratory for Micro-analysis at Utrecht. The Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (EIMF) is thanked for providing access to the ims4f ion microprobe and assistance with its analytical set-up. The National History Museum Naturalis at Leiden and the Geological and Mining Service of Surinam (GMD) are thanked for the borrowing of samples. The director of the GMD and his staff are thanked for access to maps, reports and samples. Special thanks are due to Karel and Joyce Dawson of the Kabalebo Nature Resort and the Resort staff, for their generous support and assistance. Thanks to Norman McIntosh for his great support and energy during his FWD expeditions with me into the BGB. Prof. Dr. H.N.A. Priem helped by taking the cordierite-bearing sample 71Sur210 on his geochronology expedition in the BGB. Tim Johnson and an unknown reviewer are thanked for their constructive comments.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s).

Keywords

Bakhuis Granulite Belt
CO
Cordierite
SIMS
Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism

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@article{56c8c501b0a34e7f9357ea031d91cb31,

title = "Primary cordierite with > 2.5 wt% CO2 from the UHT Bakhuis Granulite Belt, Surinam: CO2 fluid phase saturation during ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism",

abstract = "The Paleoproterozoic Bakhuis Granulite Belt (BGB) in Surinam, South America, shows ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (UHTM) at temperatures of around 1000 °C which, unusually, produced peak-to-near-peak cordierite with sillimanite and, in some cases, Al-rich orthopyroxene on a regional scale. Mg-rich cordierite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.88) in a sillimanite-bearing metapelitic granulite has a maximum birefringence of second-order blue (ca. 0.020) indicative of a considerable amount of CO2 (> 2 wt%) within its structural channels. SIMS microanalysis confirms the presence of 2.57 ± 0.19 wt% CO2, the highest CO2 concentration found in natural cordierite. This high CO2 content has enabled the stability of cordierite to extend into UHT conditions at high pressures and very low to negligible H2O activity. Based on a modified calibration of the H2O–CO2 incorporation model of Harley et al. (J Metamorph Geol 20:71–86, 2002), this cordierite occupies a stability field that extends from 8.8 ± 0.6 kbar at 750 °C to 11.3 ± 0.65 kbar at 1050 °C. Volatile-saturated cordierite with 2.57 wt% CO2 and negligible H2O (0.04 wt%) indicates fluid-present carbonic conditions with a CO2 activity near 1.0 at peak or near-peak pressures of 10.5–11.3 kbar under UHT temperatures of 950–1050 °C. The measured H2O content of the cordierite in the metapelite is far too low to be consistent with partial melting at 1000–1050 °C, implying either that nearly all of any H2O originally in this cordierite under UHT conditions was lost during post-peak cooling or that the cordierite was formed after migmatization. The high level of CO2 required to ensure fluid saturation of the c. 11 kbar UHT cordierite is proposed to have been derived from an external, possibly mantle, source.",

keywords = "Bakhuis Granulite Belt, CO, Cordierite, SIMS, Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism",

author = "{de Roever}, {Emond W.F.} and Harley, {Simon L.} and Huizenga, {Jan M.}",

note = "Funding Information: EdR is indebted to the Dutch Dr. Sch{\"u}rmann Foundation for Precambrian research ( www.dr-schuermannfonds.nl ) for generous financial support for all his expeditions and field work in the BGB since 2005 (e.g., Grants 38/2006, 70/2010, 90B/2015, 107/2015). The Dutch Molengraaff Foundation is thanked for travel subsidies to MSc-students participating in the field work. The (then) M.Sc. students R.A. de Boer, R.S. Donker, K. de Groot, M. Klaver, W. van de Steeg, A.C.D. Thijssen, B. Uunk, H. C. Vos, and in particular J.A.M. Nanne are thanked for their contributions to this article. Wim Lustenhouwer and Dr. Sergei Matveev made the electron-microprobe analyses of cordierite at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, while M.J.C. Bouten is thanked for analyses with the JEOL JXA 8530F at the Laboratory for Micro-analysis at Utrecht. The Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (EIMF) is thanked for providing access to the ims4f ion microprobe and assistance with its analytical set-up. The National History Museum Naturalis at Leiden and the Geological and Mining Service of Surinam (GMD) are thanked for the borrowing of samples. The director of the GMD and his staff are thanked for access to maps, reports and samples. Special thanks are due to Karel and Joyce Dawson of the Kabalebo Nature Resort and the Resort staff, for their generous support and assistance. Thanks to Norman McIntosh for his great support and energy during his FWD expeditions with me into the BGB. Prof. Dr. H.N.A. Priem helped by taking the cordierite-bearing sample 71Sur210 on his geochronology expedition in the BGB. Tim Johnson and an unknown reviewer are thanked for their constructive comments. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",

year = "2023",

month = apr,

doi = "10.1007/s00410-023-02003-1",

language = "English",

volume = "178",

pages = "1--20",

journal = "Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology",

issn = "0010-7999",

publisher = "Springer Verlag",

number = "4",

}

Primary cordierite with > 2.5 wt% CO₂ from the UHT Bakhuis Granulite Belt, Surinam: CO₂ fluid phase saturation during ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism. / de Roever, Emond W.F.; Harley, Simon L.; Huizenga, Jan M.
In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Vol. 178, No. 4, 26, 04.2023, p. 1-20.

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

TY - JOUR

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AU - de Roever, Emond W.F.

AU - Harley, Simon L.

AU - Huizenga, Jan M.

N1 - Funding Information: EdR is indebted to the Dutch Dr. Schürmann Foundation for Precambrian research ( www.dr-schuermannfonds.nl ) for generous financial support for all his expeditions and field work in the BGB since 2005 (e.g., Grants 38/2006, 70/2010, 90B/2015, 107/2015). The Dutch Molengraaff Foundation is thanked for travel subsidies to MSc-students participating in the field work. The (then) M.Sc. students R.A. de Boer, R.S. Donker, K. de Groot, M. Klaver, W. van de Steeg, A.C.D. Thijssen, B. Uunk, H. C. Vos, and in particular J.A.M. Nanne are thanked for their contributions to this article. Wim Lustenhouwer and Dr. Sergei Matveev made the electron-microprobe analyses of cordierite at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, while M.J.C. Bouten is thanked for analyses with the JEOL JXA 8530F at the Laboratory for Micro-analysis at Utrecht. The Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility (EIMF) is thanked for providing access to the ims4f ion microprobe and assistance with its analytical set-up. The National History Museum Naturalis at Leiden and the Geological and Mining Service of Surinam (GMD) are thanked for the borrowing of samples. The director of the GMD and his staff are thanked for access to maps, reports and samples. Special thanks are due to Karel and Joyce Dawson of the Kabalebo Nature Resort and the Resort staff, for their generous support and assistance. Thanks to Norman McIntosh for his great support and energy during his FWD expeditions with me into the BGB. Prof. Dr. H.N.A. Priem helped by taking the cordierite-bearing sample 71Sur210 on his geochronology expedition in the BGB. Tim Johnson and an unknown reviewer are thanked for their constructive comments. Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

PY - 2023/4

Y1 - 2023/4

N2 - The Paleoproterozoic Bakhuis Granulite Belt (BGB) in Surinam, South America, shows ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (UHTM) at temperatures of around 1000 °C which, unusually, produced peak-to-near-peak cordierite with sillimanite and, in some cases, Al-rich orthopyroxene on a regional scale. Mg-rich cordierite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.88) in a sillimanite-bearing metapelitic granulite has a maximum birefringence of second-order blue (ca. 0.020) indicative of a considerable amount of CO2 (> 2 wt%) within its structural channels. SIMS microanalysis confirms the presence of 2.57 ± 0.19 wt% CO2, the highest CO2 concentration found in natural cordierite. This high CO2 content has enabled the stability of cordierite to extend into UHT conditions at high pressures and very low to negligible H2O activity. Based on a modified calibration of the H2O–CO2 incorporation model of Harley et al. (J Metamorph Geol 20:71–86, 2002), this cordierite occupies a stability field that extends from 8.8 ± 0.6 kbar at 750 °C to 11.3 ± 0.65 kbar at 1050 °C. Volatile-saturated cordierite with 2.57 wt% CO2 and negligible H2O (0.04 wt%) indicates fluid-present carbonic conditions with a CO2 activity near 1.0 at peak or near-peak pressures of 10.5–11.3 kbar under UHT temperatures of 950–1050 °C. The measured H2O content of the cordierite in the metapelite is far too low to be consistent with partial melting at 1000–1050 °C, implying either that nearly all of any H2O originally in this cordierite under UHT conditions was lost during post-peak cooling or that the cordierite was formed after migmatization. The high level of CO2 required to ensure fluid saturation of the c. 11 kbar UHT cordierite is proposed to have been derived from an external, possibly mantle, source.

AB - The Paleoproterozoic Bakhuis Granulite Belt (BGB) in Surinam, South America, shows ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (UHTM) at temperatures of around 1000 °C which, unusually, produced peak-to-near-peak cordierite with sillimanite and, in some cases, Al-rich orthopyroxene on a regional scale. Mg-rich cordierite (Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 0.88) in a sillimanite-bearing metapelitic granulite has a maximum birefringence of second-order blue (ca. 0.020) indicative of a considerable amount of CO2 (> 2 wt%) within its structural channels. SIMS microanalysis confirms the presence of 2.57 ± 0.19 wt% CO2, the highest CO2 concentration found in natural cordierite. This high CO2 content has enabled the stability of cordierite to extend into UHT conditions at high pressures and very low to negligible H2O activity. Based on a modified calibration of the H2O–CO2 incorporation model of Harley et al. (J Metamorph Geol 20:71–86, 2002), this cordierite occupies a stability field that extends from 8.8 ± 0.6 kbar at 750 °C to 11.3 ± 0.65 kbar at 1050 °C. Volatile-saturated cordierite with 2.57 wt% CO2 and negligible H2O (0.04 wt%) indicates fluid-present carbonic conditions with a CO2 activity near 1.0 at peak or near-peak pressures of 10.5–11.3 kbar under UHT temperatures of 950–1050 °C. The measured H2O content of the cordierite in the metapelite is far too low to be consistent with partial melting at 1000–1050 °C, implying either that nearly all of any H2O originally in this cordierite under UHT conditions was lost during post-peak cooling or that the cordierite was formed after migmatization. The high level of CO2 required to ensure fluid saturation of the c. 11 kbar UHT cordierite is proposed to have been derived from an external, possibly mantle, source.

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KW - CO

KW - Cordierite

KW - SIMS

KW - Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism

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