Abstract
BACKGROUND: Different diagnostic interviews are used as reference standards for major depression classification in research. Semi-structured interviews involve clinical judgement, whereas fully structured interviews are completely scripted. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a brief fully structured interview, is also sometimes used. It is not known whether interview method is associated with probability of major depression classification.AimsTo evaluate the association between interview method and odds of major depression classification, controlling for depressive symptom scores and participant characteristics. METHOD: Data collected for an individual participant data meta-analysis of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) diagnostic accuracy were analysed and binomial generalised linear mixed models were fit. RESULTS: A total of 17 158 participants (2287 with major depression) from 57 primary studies were analysed. Among fully structured interviews, odds of major depression were higher for the MINI compared with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.15-3.87). Compared with semi-structured interviews, fully structured interviews (MINI excluded) were non-significantly more likely to classify participants with low-level depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≤6) as having major depression (OR = 3.13; 95% CI = 0.98-10.00), similarly likely for moderate-level symptoms (PHQ-9 scores 7-15) (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.56-1.66) and significantly less likely for high-level symptoms (PHQ-9 scores ≥16) (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.26-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The MINI may identify more people as depressed than the CIDI, and semi-structured and fully structured interviews may not be interchangeable methods, but these results should be replicated.Declaration of interestDrs Jetté and Patten declare that they received a grant, outside the submitted work, from the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, which was jointly funded by the Institute and Pfizer. Pfizer was the original sponsor of the development of the PHQ-9, which is now in the public domain. Dr Chan is a steering committee member or consultant of Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Lilly, MSD and Pfizer. She has received sponsorships and honorarium for giving lectures and providing consultancy and her affiliated institution has received research grants from these companies. Dr Hegerl declares that within the past 3 years, he was an advisory board member for Lundbeck, Servier and Otsuka Pharma; a consultant for Bayer Pharma; and a speaker for Medice Arzneimittel, Novartis, and Roche Pharma, all outside the submitted work. Dr Inagaki declares that he has received grants from Novartis Pharma, lecture fees from Pfizer, Mochida, Shionogi, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Meiji Seika and Takeda, and royalties from Nippon Hyoron Sha, Nanzando, Seiwa Shoten, Igaku-shoin and Technomics, all outside of the submitted work. Dr Yamada reports personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Seishin Shobo, Seiwa Shoten Co., Ltd., Igaku-shoin Ltd., Chugai Igakusha and Sentan Igakusha, all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. No funder had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 377-385 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science |
| Volume | 212 |
| Issue number | 6 |
| Early online date | 2 May 2018 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Jun 2018 |
Funding
Drs Jetté and Patten declare that they received a grant, outside the submitted work, from the Hotchkiss Brain Institute, which was jointly funded by the Institute and Pfizer. Pfizer was the original sponsor of the development of the PHQ-9, which is now in the public domain. Dr Chan is a steering committee member or consultant of Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Lilly, MSD and Pfizer. She has received sponsorships and honorarium for giving lectures and providing consultancy and her affiliated institution has received research grants from these companies. Dr Hegerl declares that within the past 3 years, he was an advisory board member for Lundbeck, Servier and Otsuka Pharma; a consultant for Bayer Pharma; and a speaker for Medice Arzneimittel, Novartis, and Roche Pharma, all outside the submitted work. Dr Inagaki declares that he has received grants from Novartis Pharma, lecture fees from Pfizer, Mochida, Shionogi, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Daiichi-Sankyo, Meiji Seika and Takeda, and royalties from Nippon Hyoron Sha, Nanzando, Seiwa Shoten, Igaku-shoin and Technomics, all outside of the submitted work. Dr Yamada reports personal fees from Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Seishin Shobo, Seiwa Shoten Co., Ltd., Igaku-shoin Ltd., Chugai Igakusha and Sentan Igakusha, all outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. No funder had any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. pdf S0007125018000545a.pdf This study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR, KRS-134297). Ms Levis was supported by a CIHR Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Doctoral Award. Dr Benedetti was supported by a Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé (FRQS) researcher salary award. Ms Riehm and Ms Saadat were supported by CIHR Frederick Banting and Charles Best Canada Graduate Scholarship Master's Awards. Mr Levis and Ms Azar were supported by FRQS Masters Training Awards. Ms Rice was supported by a Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarship. Collection of data for the study by Arroll et al. was supported by a project grant from the Health Research Council of New Zealand. Data collection for the study by Ayalon et al. was supported from a grant from Lundbeck International. The primary study by Khamseh et al. was supported by a grant (M-288) from Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The primary study by Bombardier et al. was supported by the Department of Education, National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems: University of Washington (grant no. H133N060033), Baylor College of Medicine (grant no. H133N060003) and University of Michigan (grant no. H133N060032). Dr Butterworth was supported by Australian Research Council Future Fellowship FT130101444. Dr Cholera was supported by a United States National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) grant (5F30MH096664), and the United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of the Director, Fogarty International Center, Office of AIDS Research, National Cancer Center, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute and the NIH Office of Research for Women's Health through the Fogarty Global Health Fellows Program Consortium (1R25TW00934001) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Dr Conwell received support from NIMH (R24MH071604) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (R49 CE002093). Collection of data for the primary study by Delgadillo et al. was supported by a grant from St. Anne's Community Services, Leeds, UK. Collection of data for the primary study by Fann et al. was supported by grant RO1 HD39415 from the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research (USA). The primary studies by Amoozegar and by Fiest et al. were funded by the Alberta Health Services, the University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and the Hotchkiss Brain Institute. The primary study by Fischer et al. was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (01GY1150). Dr Fischler was supported by a grant from the Belgian Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs and a restricted grant from Pfizer Belgium. Data for the primary study by Gelaye et al. was supported by a grant from the NIH (T37 MD001449). Collection of data for the primary study by Gjerdingen et al. was supported by grants from the NIMH (R34 MH072925, K02 MH65919 and P30 DK50456). The primary study by Eack et al. was funded by the NIMH (R24 MH56858). Collection of data for the primary study by Hobfoll et al. was made possible in part from grants from NIMH (RO1 MH073687) and the Ohio Board of Regents. Dr Hall received support from a grant awarded by the Research and Development Administration Office, University of Macau (MYRG2015-00109-FSS). The primary study by Hides et al. was funded by the Perpetual Trustees, Flora and Frank Leith Charitable Trust, Jack Brockhoff Foundation, Grosvenor Settlement, Sunshine Foundation and Danks Trust. The primary study by Henkel et al. was funded by the German Ministry of Research and Education. Data for the study by Razykov et al. was collected by the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group, which was funded by the CIHR (FRN 83518), the Scleroderma Society of Canada, the Scleroderma Society of Ontario, the Scleroderma Society of Saskatchewan, Sclérodermie Québec, the Cure Scleroderma Foundation, Inova Diagnostics Inc., Euroimmun, FRQS, the Canadian Arthritis Network and the Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research of the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada. Dr Hudson was supported by a FRQS Senior Investigator Award. Collection of data for the primary study by Hyphantis et al. was supported by a grant from the National Strategic Reference Framework, European Union and the Greek Ministry of Education, Lifelong Learning and Religious Affairs (ARISTEIAABREVIATE, 1259). The primary study by Inagaki et al. was supported by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan. Dr Jetté was supported by a Canada Research Chair in Neurological Health Services Research. Collection of data for the primary study by Kiely et al. was supported by National Health and Medical Research Council (grant 1002160) and Safe Work Australia. Dr Kiely was supported by funding from an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council fellowship (grant 1088313). The primary study by Lamers et al. was funded by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and development (grant 945-03-047). Dr Lamers received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, PCIG12-GA-2012-334065). The primary study by Liu et al. was funded by a grant from the National Health Research Institute, Republic of China (NHRIEX97- 9706PI). The primary study by Lotrakul et al. was supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (grant 49086). Dr Löwe received research grants from Pfizer, Germany, and from the medical faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Germany (project 121/2000) for the study by Gräfe et al. The primary study by Mohd Sidik et al. was funded under the Research University Grant Scheme from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia and the Postgraduate Research Student Support Accounts of the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The primary study by Santos et al. was funded by the National Program for Centers of Excellence (PRONEX/FAPERGS/CNPq, Brazil). The primary study by Muramatsu et al. was supported by an educational grant from Pfizer US Pharmaceutical Inc. Collection of primary data for the study by Dr Pence was provided by NIMH (R34MH084673). The primary studies by Osório et al. were funded by Reitoria de Pesquisa da Universidade de São Paulo (grant 09.1.01689.17.7) and Banco Santander (grant 10.1.01232.17.9). The primary study by Picardi et al. was supported by funds for current research from the Italian Ministry of Health. Dr Persoons was supported by a grant from the Belgian Ministry of Public Health and Social Affairs and a restricted grant from Pfizer Belgium. Dr Shaaban was supported by funding from Universiti Sains Malaysia. The primary study by Rooney et al. was funded by the National Health Service Lothian Neuro-Oncology Endowment Fund (UK). The primary study by Sidebottom et al. was funded by a grant from the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration (grant R40MC07840). Simning et al.'s research was supported in part by grants from the NIH (T32 GM07356), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R36 HS018246), NIMH (R24 MH071604) and the National Center for Research Resources (TL1 RR024135). Dr Stafford received PhD scholarship funding from the University of Melbourne. The study by van Steenbergen-Weijenburg et al. was funded by Innovatiefonds Zorgverzekeraars. Collection of data for the studies by Turner et al. were funded by a bequest from Jennie Thomas through the Hunter Medical Research Institute. Dr Vöhringer was supported by the Fund for Innovation and Competitiveness of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism, through the Millennium Scientific Initiative (grant IS130005). Collection of data for the primary study by Williams et al. was supported by an NIMH grant to Dr Marsh (RO1- MH069666). Collection of data for the primary study by Zhang et al. was supported by the European Foundation for Study of Diabetes, the Chinese Diabetes Society, Lilly Foundation, Asia Diabetes Foundation and Liao Wun Yuk Diabetes Memorial Fund. The primary study by Twist et al. was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (UK) under its Programme Grants for Applied Research Programme (grant RP-PG-0606-1142). The primary study by Thombs et al. was done with data from the Heart and Soul Study (Primary Investigator M.W). The Heart and Soul Study was funded by the Department of Veterans Epidemiology Merit Review Program, the Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development service, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R01 HL079235), the American Federation for Aging Research, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation. Dr Thombs was supported by an Investigator Award from the Arthritis Society. No other authors reported funding for primary studies or for their work on the present study. The study sponsors had no role in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. B.D.T. had full access to all data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.
| Funders | Funder number |
|---|---|
| Institute and Pfizer | |
| National Institutes of Health | T37 MD001449 |
| National Institute of Mental Health | RO1-MH069666, K02 MH65919, R24 MH56858, P30 DK50456, R34 MH072925, RO1 MH073687, R24MH071604, R34MH084673 |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | R49 CE002093 |
| National Institute of General Medical Sciences | T32GM007356 |
| Fogarty International Center | |
| National Center for Research Resources | TL1 RR024135 |
| Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | R36 HS018246 |
| Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | |
| American Federation for Aging Research | |
| Ohio Board of Regents | |
| National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research | |
| National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research | RO1 HD39415 |
| Ischemia Research and Education Foundation | |
| University of Michigan | H133N060032 |
| Alberta Health Services | |
| Baylor College of Medicine | H133N060003 |
| National Cancer Center | |
| Hotchkiss Brain Institute | |
| Canadian Institutes of Health Research | KRS-134297, FRN 83518 |
| Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé | |
| National Institute for Health Research | RP-PG-0606-1142 |
| Australian Research Council | |
| National Health and Medical Research Council | 1002160 |
| Hunter Medical Research Institute | |
| Health Research Council of New Zealand | |
| Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare | |
| Universiti Putra Malaysia | |
| Universiti Sains Malaysia | |
| Universidade de São Paulo | 09.1.01689.17.7 |
| Canadian Arthritis Network |
