Abstract
Nε-Methylation of lysine residues in histones plays an essential role in the regulation of eukaryotic transcription. The ‘highest’ methylation mark, Nε-trimethyllysine, is specifically recognised by Nε-trimethyllysine binding ‘reader’ domains, and undergoes demethylation, as catalysed by 2-oxoglutarate dependent JmjC oxygenases. We report studies on the recognition of the closest positively charged Nε-trimethyllysine analogue, i.e. its trimethylphosphonium derivative (KPme3), by Nε-trimethyllysine histone binding proteins and Nε-trimethyllysine demethylases. Calorimetric and computational studies with histone binding proteins reveal that H3KP4me3 binds more tightly than the natural H3K4me3 substrate, though the relative differences in binding affinity vary. Studies with JmjC demethylases show that some, but not all, of them can accept the phosphonium analogue of their natural substrates and that the methylation state selectivity can be changed by substitution of nitrogen for phosphorus. The combined results reveal that very subtle changes, e.g. substitution of nitrogen for phosphorus, can substantially affect interactions between ligand and reader domains / demethylases, knowledge that we hope will inspire the development of highly selective small molecules modulating their activity.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 27 |
Pages (from-to) | 1-11 |
Number of pages | 11 |
Journal | Communications Chemistry |
Volume | 5 |
Issue number | 1 |
Early online date | 7 Mar 2022 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - Dec 2022 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant, ChemEpigen-715691, J.M.), Cancer Research UK Programme Grant (C8717/A18245; C8717/A28285 C.J.S., A.K.), EPSRC (EP/M50659X/1 and EP/L003376/1 R.B., A.K. and EP/L015838/1 J.J.A.G.K.), Clarendon Scholarship (J.J.A.G.K.), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-ALW, NWO-CW, and NWO-EW, F.M.B.), the Spanish MINECO (PID2019-106830GB-I00 and MDM-2017-0767, J.P.), and a World Bank Education Grant (K.K).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s).
Funding
This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant, ChemEpigen-715691, J.M.), Cancer Research UK Programme Grant (C8717/A18245; C8717/A28285 C.J.S., A.K.), EPSRC (EP/M50659X/1 and EP/L003376/1 R.B., A.K. and EP/L015838/1 J.J.A.G.K.), Clarendon Scholarship (J.J.A.G.K.), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO-ALW, NWO-CW, and NWO-EW, F.M.B.), the Spanish MINECO (PID2019-106830GB-I00 and MDM-2017-0767, J.P.), and a World Bank Education Grant (K.K).
Funders | Funder number |
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Clarendon Scholarship | |
NWO-ALW | |
NWO-CW | |
NWO-EW | |
World Bank Group | |
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme | 715691 |
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council | EP/L003376/1, EP/M50659X/1, EP/L015838/1 |
Cancer Research UK | C8717/A18245, C8717/A28285 |
European Research Council | |
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek | |
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | MDM-2017-0767, PID2019-106830GB-I00 |