Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming

G. H. Schoenmacker; A. P. Groenman; E. Sokolova; J. Oosterlaan; N. Rommelse; H. Roeyers; R. D. Oades; S. V. Faraone; B. Franke; T. Heskes; A. Arias Vasquez; T. Claassen; J. K. Buitelaar

doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003

Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming

G. H. Schoenmacker^*, A. P. Groenman, E. Sokolova, J. Oosterlaan, N. Rommelse, H. Roeyers, R. D. Oades, S. V. Faraone, B. Franke, T. Heskes, A. Arias Vasquez, T. Claassen, J. K. Buitelaar

^*Corresponding author for this work

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Abstract

Known comorbidities for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include conduct problems, substance use disorder and gaming. Comorbidity with conduct problems may increase the risk for substance use disorder and gaming in individuals with ADHD. The aim of the study was to build a causal model of the relationships between ADHD and comorbid conduct problems, and alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use, and gaming habits, while accounting for age and sex. We used a state-of-the-art causal discovery algorithm to analyze a case-only sample of 362 ADHD-diagnosed individuals in the ages 12–24 years. We found that conduct problem severity mediates between ADHD severity and nicotine use, but not with more severe alcohol or substance use. More severe ADHD-inattentive symptoms lead to more severe gaming habits. Furthermore, our model suggests that ADHD severity has no influence on severity of alcohol or other drug use. Our findings suggest that ADHD severity is a risk factor for nicotine use, and that this effect is fully mediated by conduct problem severity. Finally, ADHD-inattentive severity was a risk factor for gaming, suggesting that gaming dependence has a different causal pathway than substance dependence and should be treated differently. By identifying these intervention points, our model can aid both researchers and clinicians.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	102-113
Number of pages	12
Journal	European Neuropsychopharmacology
Volume	30
Early online date	3 Oct 2018
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003
Publication status	Published - Jan 2020

Funding

This project has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration project AGGRESSOTYPE under grant agreement no 602805. This project was further supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework project TACTICS under grant agreement no 278948.This paper reflects only the authors’ views, and the European Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. Dr. Faraone is supported by the K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement n602805 and NIMH grant R01MH094469. We thank Masa Pikulina, BA, who graciously created the graphical designs for Fig. 1 , 2 , S3, and S4.

Funders	Funder number
K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research
European Commission
Seventh Framework Programme
Horizon 2020 Framework Programme	728018
Seventh Framework Programme	602805
European Union's Seventh Framework project	278948
National Institute of Mental Health	R01MH094469

Keywords

Alcohol dependence
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Causal discovery
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Gaming dependence
Nicotine dependence

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gamingFinal published version, 691 KBLicence: Article 25fa Dutch Copyright Act

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Schoenmacker, G. H., Groenman, A. P., Sokolova, E., Oosterlaan, J., Rommelse, N., Roeyers, H., Oades, R. D., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Heskes, T., Arias Vasquez, A., Claassen, T., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2020). Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003

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abstract = "Known comorbidities for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include conduct problems, substance use disorder and gaming. Comorbidity with conduct problems may increase the risk for substance use disorder and gaming in individuals with ADHD. The aim of the study was to build a causal model of the relationships between ADHD and comorbid conduct problems, and alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use, and gaming habits, while accounting for age and sex. We used a state-of-the-art causal discovery algorithm to analyze a case-only sample of 362 ADHD-diagnosed individuals in the ages 12–24 years. We found that conduct problem severity mediates between ADHD severity and nicotine use, but not with more severe alcohol or substance use. More severe ADHD-inattentive symptoms lead to more severe gaming habits. Furthermore, our model suggests that ADHD severity has no influence on severity of alcohol or other drug use. Our findings suggest that ADHD severity is a risk factor for nicotine use, and that this effect is fully mediated by conduct problem severity. Finally, ADHD-inattentive severity was a risk factor for gaming, suggesting that gaming dependence has a different causal pathway than substance dependence and should be treated differently. By identifying these intervention points, our model can aid both researchers and clinicians.",

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Schoenmacker, GH, Groenman, AP, Sokolova, E, Oosterlaan, J, Rommelse, N, Roeyers, H, Oades, RD, Faraone, SV, Franke, B, Heskes, T, Arias Vasquez, A, Claassen, T & Buitelaar, JK 2020, 'Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming', European Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 30, pp. 102-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.003

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T1 - Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming

AU - Schoenmacker, G. H.

AU - Groenman, A. P.

AU - Sokolova, E.

AU - Oosterlaan, J.

AU - Rommelse, N.

AU - Roeyers, H.

AU - Oades, R. D.

AU - Faraone, S. V.

AU - Franke, B.

AU - Heskes, T.

AU - Arias Vasquez, A.

AU - Claassen, T.

AU - Buitelaar, J. K.

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AB - Known comorbidities for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) include conduct problems, substance use disorder and gaming. Comorbidity with conduct problems may increase the risk for substance use disorder and gaming in individuals with ADHD. The aim of the study was to build a causal model of the relationships between ADHD and comorbid conduct problems, and alcohol, nicotine, and other substance use, and gaming habits, while accounting for age and sex. We used a state-of-the-art causal discovery algorithm to analyze a case-only sample of 362 ADHD-diagnosed individuals in the ages 12–24 years. We found that conduct problem severity mediates between ADHD severity and nicotine use, but not with more severe alcohol or substance use. More severe ADHD-inattentive symptoms lead to more severe gaming habits. Furthermore, our model suggests that ADHD severity has no influence on severity of alcohol or other drug use. Our findings suggest that ADHD severity is a risk factor for nicotine use, and that this effect is fully mediated by conduct problem severity. Finally, ADHD-inattentive severity was a risk factor for gaming, suggesting that gaming dependence has a different causal pathway than substance dependence and should be treated differently. By identifying these intervention points, our model can aid both researchers and clinicians.

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Role of conduct problems in the relation between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity disorder, substance use, and gaming

Abstract

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Keywords

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