Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs

Marica Branchesi; Michele Maggiore; David Alonso; Charles Badger; Biswajit Banerjee; Freija Beirnaert; Enis Belgacem; Swetha Bhagwat; Guillaume Boileau; Ssohrab Borhanian; Daniel David Brown; Man Leong Chan; Giulia Cusin; Stefan L. Danilishin; Jerome Degallaix; Valerio De Luca; Arnab Dhani; Tim Dietrich; Ulyana Dupletsa; Stefano Foffa; Gabriele Franciolini; Andreas Freise; Gianluca Gemme; Boris Goncharov; Archisman Ghosh; Francesca Gulminelli; Ish Gupta; Pawan Kumar Gupta; Jan Harms; Nandini Hazra; Stefan Hild; Tanja Hinderer; Ik Siong Heng; Francesco Iacovelli; Justin Janquart; Kamiel Janssens; Alexander C. Jenkins; Chinmay Kalaghatgi; Xhesika Koroveshi; Tjonnie G.F. Li; Yufeng Li; Eleonora Loffredo; Elisa Maggio; Michele Mancarella; Michela Mapelli; Katarina Martinovic; Andrea Maselli; Patrick Meyers; Andrew L. Miller; Chiranjib Mondal; Niccolò Muttoni; Harsh Narola; Micaela Oertel; Gor Oganesyan; Costantino Pacilio; Cristiano Palomba; Paolo Pani; Antonio Pasqualetti; Albino Perego; Carole Périgois; Mauro Pieroni; Ornella Juliana Piccinni; Anna Puecher; Paola Puppo; Angelo Ricciardone; Antonio Riotto; Samuele Ronchini; Mairi Sakellariadou; Anuradha Samajdar; Filippo Santoliquido; B. S. Sathyaprakash; Jessica Steinlechner; Sebastian Steinlechner; Andrei Utina; Chris Van Den Broeck; Teng Zhang

doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs

Marica Branchesi^*, Michele Maggiore^*, David Alonso, Charles Badger, Biswajit Banerjee, Freija Beirnaert, Enis Belgacem, Swetha Bhagwat, Guillaume Boileau, Ssohrab Borhanian, Daniel David Brown, Man Leong Chan, Giulia Cusin, Stefan L. Danilishin, Jerome Degallaix, Valerio De Luca, Arnab Dhani, Tim Dietrich, Ulyana Dupletsa, Stefano FoffaGabriele Franciolini, Andreas Freise, Gianluca Gemme, Boris Goncharov, Archisman Ghosh, Francesca Gulminelli, Ish Gupta, Pawan Kumar Gupta, Jan Harms, Nandini Hazra, Stefan Hild, Tanja Hinderer, Ik Siong Heng, Francesco Iacovelli, Justin Janquart, Kamiel Janssens, Alexander C. Jenkins, Chinmay Kalaghatgi, Xhesika Koroveshi, Tjonnie G.F. Li, Yufeng Li, Eleonora Loffredo, Elisa Maggio, Michele Mancarella, Michela Mapelli, Katarina Martinovic, Andrea Maselli, Patrick Meyers, Andrew L. Miller, Chiranjib Mondal, Niccolò Muttoni, Harsh Narola, Micaela Oertel, Gor Oganesyan, Costantino Pacilio, Cristiano Palomba, Paolo Pani, Antonio Pasqualetti, Albino Perego, Carole Périgois, Mauro Pieroni, Ornella Juliana Piccinni, Anna Puecher, Paola Puppo, Angelo Ricciardone, Antonio Riotto, Samuele Ronchini, Mairi Sakellariadou, Anuradha Samajdar, Filippo Santoliquido, B. S. Sathyaprakash, Jessica Steinlechner, Sebastian Steinlechner, Andrei Utina, Chris Van Den Broeck, Teng Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

(Astro)-Particles Physics

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where each detector has a ‘xylophone’ configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple ‘metrics’ that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.

Original language	English
Article number	068
Pages (from-to)	1-186
Number of pages	191
Journal	Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
Volume	2023
Issue number	7
Early online date	28 Jul 2023
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068
Publication status	Published - Jul 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The work of Michele Maggiore, Stefano Foffa, Francesco Iacovelli, Michele Mancarella and Niccolò Muttoni is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant 200020_191957, and by the SwissMap National Center for Competence in Research, and made use of the Yggdrasil cluster at the University of Geneva. M. Branchesi acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the PRIN grant METE under contract no. 2020KB33TP. B. Banerjee acknowledge financial support from MUR (PRIN 2017 grant 20179ZF5KS). M. Branchesi and G. Oganesyan acknowledge financial support from the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). The Gran Sasso Science Institute group acknowledges Stefano Bagnasco, Federica Legger, Sara Vallero, and the INFN Computing Center of Turin for providing support and computational resources. V. De Luca is supported by funds provided by the Center for Particle Cosmology at the University of Pennsylvania. Elisa Maggio acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) — project number: 386119226. G.Franciolini acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN programme, and support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP: B81I18001170001). This work was partly enabled by the UCL Cosmoparticle Initiative. Katarina Martinovic is supported by King’s College London through a Postgraduate International Scholarship. M. Mapelli, C. Périgois and F. Santoliquido acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council for the ERC Consolidator grant DEMOBLACK, under contract no. 770017. M. Mancarella and C. Pacilio are supported by European Union’s H2020 ERC Starting Grant No. 945155-GWmining and Cariplo Foundation Grant No. 2021-0555. Numerical calculations by C. Pacilio have been made possible through a CINECA-INFN agreement, providing access to resources on MARCONI at CINECA. Anuradha Samajdar thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt fellowship for postdoctoral researchers. Paolo Pani acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN and FARE programmes (GW-NEXT, CUP: B84I20000100001). BG is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, n. 2017SYRTCN. Mairi Sakellariadou is supported in part by the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC), United Kingdom, under the research grant ST/P000258/1. ACJ was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through the UKRI Quantum Technologies for Fundamental Physics Programme [grant number ST/T005904/1]. Swetha Bhagwat is supported by the UKRI Stephen Hawking Fellowship with grant ref. no EP/W005727. Angelo Ricciardone acknowledges financial support from the Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) for the project “Constraining Cosmology and Astrophysics with Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure cross-correlations”. Kamiel Janssens is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.Gulminelli and C.Mondal acknowledge partial support from the In2p3 Master Project NewMAC. D. Alonso is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/P004474. Ssohrab Borhanian acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project MEMI number BE 6301/2-1. Arnab Dhani, Ish Gupta and B.S. Sathyaprakash were supported by NSF grant numbers PHY-2012083, AST-2006384 and PHY-2207638. G. Cusin is supported by CNRS and by Swiss National Science Fundation (Ambizione grant — Gravitational wave propagation in the clustered universe).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

Funding

The work of Michele Maggiore, Stefano Foffa, Francesco Iacovelli, Michele Mancarella and Niccolò Muttoni is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant 200020_191957, and by the SwissMap National Center for Competence in Research, and made use of the Yggdrasil cluster at the University of Geneva. M. Branchesi acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the PRIN grant METE under contract no. 2020KB33TP. B. Banerjee acknowledge financial support from MUR (PRIN 2017 grant 20179ZF5KS). M. Branchesi and G. Oganesyan acknowledge financial support from the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). The Gran Sasso Science Institute group acknowledges Stefano Bagnasco, Federica Legger, Sara Vallero, and the INFN Computing Center of Turin for providing support and computational resources. V. De Luca is supported by funds provided by the Center for Particle Cosmology at the University of Pennsylvania. Elisa Maggio acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) — project number: 386119226. G.Franciolini acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN programme, and support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP: B81I18001170001). This work was partly enabled by the UCL Cosmoparticle Initiative. Katarina Martinovic is supported by King’s College London through a Postgraduate International Scholarship. M. Mapelli, C. Périgois and F. Santoliquido acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council for the ERC Consolidator grant DEMOBLACK, under contract no. 770017. M. Mancarella and C. Pacilio are supported by European Union’s H2020 ERC Starting Grant No. 945155-GWmining and Cariplo Foundation Grant No. 2021-0555. Numerical calculations by C. Pacilio have been made possible through a CINECA-INFN agreement, providing access to resources on MARCONI at CINECA. Anuradha Samajdar thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt fellowship for postdoctoral researchers. Paolo Pani acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN and FARE programmes (GW-NEXT, CUP: B84I20000100001). BG is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, n. 2017SYRTCN. Mairi Sakellariadou is supported in part by the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC), United Kingdom, under the research grant ST/P000258/1. ACJ was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through the UKRI Quantum Technologies for Fundamental Physics Programme [grant number ST/T005904/1]. Swetha Bhagwat is supported by the UKRI Stephen Hawking Fellowship with grant ref. no EP/W005727. Angelo Ricciardone acknowledges financial support from the Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) for the project “Constraining Cosmology and Astrophysics with Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure cross-correlations”. Kamiel Janssens is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.Gulminelli and C.Mondal acknowledge partial support from the In2p3 Master Project NewMAC. D. Alonso is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/P004474. Ssohrab Borhanian acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project MEMI number BE 6301/2-1. Arnab Dhani, Ish Gupta and B.S. Sathyaprakash were supported by NSF grant numbers PHY-2012083, AST-2006384 and PHY-2207638. G. Cusin is supported by CNRS and by Swiss National Science Fundation (Ambizione grant — Gravitational wave propagation in the clustered universe).

Funders	Funder number
Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt	B84I20000100001
CINECA
Center for Particle Cosmology
Ernest Rutherford	ST/P004474, BE 6301/2-1
European Union’s H2020 ERC	DarkGRA-757480
ReSearch@University of Padova
National Science Foundation	AST-2006384, PHY-2012083, PHY-2207638
National Science Foundation
King's College London
UK Research and Innovation	ST/T005904/1, EP/W005727
UK Research and Innovation
National Centres of Competence in Research SwissMAP
Science and Technology Facilities Council	ST/P000258/1
Science and Technology Facilities Council
European Research Council	945155-GWmining, 770017
European Research Council
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft	386119226
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung	200020_191957
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Fondazione Cariplo	2021-0555
Fondazione Cariplo
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca	2020KB33TP, 20179ZF5KS, 2017SYRTCN, 871158
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Université de Genève
Vlaamse regering	11C5720N
Vlaamse regering
Amaldi Research Center	B81I18001170001
Amaldi Research Center

Keywords

gravitational wave detectors
gravitational waves/experiments
gravitational waves/sources

Access to Document

10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

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Persistent link

Cite this

Branchesi, M., Maggiore, M., Alonso, D., Badger, C., Banerjee, B., Beirnaert, F., Belgacem, E., Bhagwat, S., Boileau, G., Borhanian, S., Brown, D. D., Chan, M. L., Cusin, G., Danilishin, S. L., Degallaix, J., De Luca, V., Dhani, A., Dietrich, T., Dupletsa, U., ... Zhang, T. (2023). Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2023(7), 1-186. Article 068. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

@article{05e4fd5749b445bb90ab363c6afd7a67,

title = "Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs",

abstract = "The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where each detector has a {\textquoteleft}xylophone{\textquoteright} configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple {\textquoteleft}metrics{\textquoteright} that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.",

keywords = "gravitational wave detectors, gravitational waves/experiments, gravitational waves/sources",

author = "Marica Branchesi and Michele Maggiore and David Alonso and Charles Badger and Biswajit Banerjee and Freija Beirnaert and Enis Belgacem and Swetha Bhagwat and Guillaume Boileau and Ssohrab Borhanian and Brown, {Daniel David} and Chan, {Man Leong} and Giulia Cusin and Danilishin, {Stefan L.} and Jerome Degallaix and {De Luca}, Valerio and Arnab Dhani and Tim Dietrich and Ulyana Dupletsa and Stefano Foffa and Gabriele Franciolini and Andreas Freise and Gianluca Gemme and Boris Goncharov and Archisman Ghosh and Francesca Gulminelli and Ish Gupta and Gupta, {Pawan Kumar} and Jan Harms and Nandini Hazra and Stefan Hild and Tanja Hinderer and Heng, {Ik Siong} and Francesco Iacovelli and Justin Janquart and Kamiel Janssens and Jenkins, {Alexander C.} and Chinmay Kalaghatgi and Xhesika Koroveshi and Li, {Tjonnie G.F.} and Yufeng Li and Eleonora Loffredo and Elisa Maggio and Michele Mancarella and Michela Mapelli and Katarina Martinovic and Andrea Maselli and Patrick Meyers and Miller, {Andrew L.} and Chiranjib Mondal and Niccol{\`o} Muttoni and Harsh Narola and Micaela Oertel and Gor Oganesyan and Costantino Pacilio and Cristiano Palomba and Paolo Pani and Antonio Pasqualetti and Albino Perego and Carole P{\'e}rigois and Mauro Pieroni and Piccinni, {Ornella Juliana} and Anna Puecher and Paola Puppo and Angelo Ricciardone and Antonio Riotto and Samuele Ronchini and Mairi Sakellariadou and Anuradha Samajdar and Filippo Santoliquido and Sathyaprakash, {B. S.} and Jessica Steinlechner and Sebastian Steinlechner and Andrei Utina and {Van Den Broeck}, Chris and Teng Zhang",

note = "Funding Information: The work of Michele Maggiore, Stefano Foffa, Francesco Iacovelli, Michele Mancarella and Niccol{\`o} Muttoni is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant 200020_191957, and by the SwissMap National Center for Competence in Research, and made use of the Yggdrasil cluster at the University of Geneva. M. Branchesi acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the PRIN grant METE under contract no. 2020KB33TP. B. Banerjee acknowledge financial support from MUR (PRIN 2017 grant 20179ZF5KS). M. Branchesi and G. Oganesyan acknowledge financial support from the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). The Gran Sasso Science Institute group acknowledges Stefano Bagnasco, Federica Legger, Sara Vallero, and the INFN Computing Center of Turin for providing support and computational resources. V. De Luca is supported by funds provided by the Center for Particle Cosmology at the University of Pennsylvania. Elisa Maggio acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) — project number: 386119226. G.Franciolini acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union{\textquoteright}s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN programme, and support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP: B81I18001170001). This work was partly enabled by the UCL Cosmoparticle Initiative. Katarina Martinovic is supported by King{\textquoteright}s College London through a Postgraduate International Scholarship. M. Mapelli, C. P{\'e}rigois and F. Santoliquido acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council for the ERC Consolidator grant DEMOBLACK, under contract no. 770017. M. Mancarella and C. Pacilio are supported by European Union{\textquoteright}s H2020 ERC Starting Grant No. 945155-GWmining and Cariplo Foundation Grant No. 2021-0555. Numerical calculations by C. Pacilio have been made possible through a CINECA-INFN agreement, providing access to resources on MARCONI at CINECA. Anuradha Samajdar thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt fellowship for postdoctoral researchers. Paolo Pani acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union{\textquoteright}s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN and FARE programmes (GW-NEXT, CUP: B84I20000100001). BG is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, n. 2017SYRTCN. Mairi Sakellariadou is supported in part by the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC), United Kingdom, under the research grant ST/P000258/1. ACJ was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through the UKRI Quantum Technologies for Fundamental Physics Programme [grant number ST/T005904/1]. Swetha Bhagwat is supported by the UKRI Stephen Hawking Fellowship with grant ref. no EP/W005727. Angelo Ricciardone acknowledges financial support from the Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) for the project “Constraining Cosmology and Astrophysics with Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure cross-correlations”. Kamiel Janssens is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.Gulminelli and C.Mondal acknowledge partial support from the In2p3 Master Project NewMAC. D. Alonso is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/P004474. Ssohrab Borhanian acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project MEMI number BE 6301/2-1. Arnab Dhani, Ish Gupta and B.S. Sathyaprakash were supported by NSF grant numbers PHY-2012083, AST-2006384 and PHY-2207638. G. Cusin is supported by CNRS and by Swiss National Science Fundation (Ambizione grant — Gravitational wave propagation in the clustered universe). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.",

year = "2023",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068",

language = "English",

volume = "2023",

pages = "1--186",

journal = "Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics",

issn = "1475-7516",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "7",

}

Branchesi, M, Maggiore, M, Alonso, D, Badger, C, Banerjee, B, Beirnaert, F, Belgacem, E, Bhagwat, S, Boileau, G, Borhanian, S, Brown, DD, Chan, ML, Cusin, G, Danilishin, SL, Degallaix, J, De Luca, V, Dhani, A, Dietrich, T, Dupletsa, U, Foffa, S, Franciolini, G, Freise, A, Gemme, G, Goncharov, B, Ghosh, A, Gulminelli, F, Gupta, I, Gupta, PK, Harms, J, Hazra, N, Hild, S, Hinderer, T, Heng, IS, Iacovelli, F, Janquart, J, Janssens, K, Jenkins, AC, Kalaghatgi, C, Koroveshi, X, Li, TGF, Li, Y, Loffredo, E, Maggio, E, Mancarella, M, Mapelli, M, Martinovic, K, Maselli, A, Meyers, P, Miller, AL, Mondal, C, Muttoni, N, Narola, H, Oertel, M, Oganesyan, G, Pacilio, C, Palomba, C, Pani, P, Pasqualetti, A, Perego, A, Périgois, C, Pieroni, M, Piccinni, OJ, Puecher, A, Puppo, P, Ricciardone, A, Riotto, A, Ronchini, S, Sakellariadou, M, Samajdar, A, Santoliquido, F, Sathyaprakash, BS, Steinlechner, J, Steinlechner, S, Utina, A, Van Den Broeck, C & Zhang, T 2023, 'Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs', Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 2023, no. 7, 068, pp. 1-186. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

TY - JOUR

T1 - Science with the Einstein Telescope

T2 - a comparison of different designs

AU - Branchesi, Marica

AU - Maggiore, Michele

AU - Alonso, David

AU - Badger, Charles

AU - Banerjee, Biswajit

AU - Beirnaert, Freija

AU - Belgacem, Enis

AU - Bhagwat, Swetha

AU - Boileau, Guillaume

AU - Borhanian, Ssohrab

AU - Brown, Daniel David

AU - Chan, Man Leong

AU - Cusin, Giulia

AU - Danilishin, Stefan L.

AU - Degallaix, Jerome

AU - De Luca, Valerio

AU - Dhani, Arnab

AU - Dietrich, Tim

AU - Dupletsa, Ulyana

AU - Foffa, Stefano

AU - Franciolini, Gabriele

AU - Freise, Andreas

AU - Gemme, Gianluca

AU - Goncharov, Boris

AU - Ghosh, Archisman

AU - Gulminelli, Francesca

AU - Gupta, Ish

AU - Gupta, Pawan Kumar

AU - Harms, Jan

AU - Hazra, Nandini

AU - Hild, Stefan

AU - Hinderer, Tanja

AU - Heng, Ik Siong

AU - Iacovelli, Francesco

AU - Janquart, Justin

AU - Janssens, Kamiel

AU - Jenkins, Alexander C.

AU - Kalaghatgi, Chinmay

AU - Koroveshi, Xhesika

AU - Li, Tjonnie G.F.

AU - Li, Yufeng

AU - Loffredo, Eleonora

AU - Maggio, Elisa

AU - Mancarella, Michele

AU - Mapelli, Michela

AU - Martinovic, Katarina

AU - Maselli, Andrea

AU - Meyers, Patrick

AU - Miller, Andrew L.

AU - Mondal, Chiranjib

AU - Muttoni, Niccolò

AU - Narola, Harsh

AU - Oertel, Micaela

AU - Oganesyan, Gor

AU - Pacilio, Costantino

AU - Palomba, Cristiano

AU - Pani, Paolo

AU - Pasqualetti, Antonio

AU - Perego, Albino

AU - Périgois, Carole

AU - Pieroni, Mauro

AU - Piccinni, Ornella Juliana

AU - Puecher, Anna

AU - Puppo, Paola

AU - Ricciardone, Angelo

AU - Riotto, Antonio

AU - Ronchini, Samuele

AU - Sakellariadou, Mairi

AU - Samajdar, Anuradha

AU - Santoliquido, Filippo

AU - Sathyaprakash, B. S.

AU - Steinlechner, Jessica

AU - Steinlechner, Sebastian

AU - Utina, Andrei

AU - Van Den Broeck, Chris

AU - Zhang, Teng

N1 - Funding Information: The work of Michele Maggiore, Stefano Foffa, Francesco Iacovelli, Michele Mancarella and Niccolò Muttoni is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant 200020_191957, and by the SwissMap National Center for Competence in Research, and made use of the Yggdrasil cluster at the University of Geneva. M. Branchesi acknowledges financial support from the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) for the PRIN grant METE under contract no. 2020KB33TP. B. Banerjee acknowledge financial support from MUR (PRIN 2017 grant 20179ZF5KS). M. Branchesi and G. Oganesyan acknowledge financial support from the AHEAD2020 project (grant agreement n. 871158). The Gran Sasso Science Institute group acknowledges Stefano Bagnasco, Federica Legger, Sara Vallero, and the INFN Computing Center of Turin for providing support and computational resources. V. De Luca is supported by funds provided by the Center for Particle Cosmology at the University of Pennsylvania. Elisa Maggio acknowledges funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) — project number: 386119226. G.Franciolini acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN programme, and support from the Amaldi Research Center funded by the MIUR program “Dipartimento di Eccellenza” (CUP: B81I18001170001). This work was partly enabled by the UCL Cosmoparticle Initiative. Katarina Martinovic is supported by King’s College London through a Postgraduate International Scholarship. M. Mapelli, C. Périgois and F. Santoliquido acknowledge financial support from the European Research Council for the ERC Consolidator grant DEMOBLACK, under contract no. 770017. M. Mancarella and C. Pacilio are supported by European Union’s H2020 ERC Starting Grant No. 945155-GWmining and Cariplo Foundation Grant No. 2021-0555. Numerical calculations by C. Pacilio have been made possible through a CINECA-INFN agreement, providing access to resources on MARCONI at CINECA. Anuradha Samajdar thanks the Alexander von Humboldt foundation in Germany for a Humboldt fellowship for postdoctoral researchers. Paolo Pani acknowledges financial support provided under the European Union’s H2020 ERC, Starting Grant agreement no. DarkGRA-757480 and under the MIUR PRIN and FARE programmes (GW-NEXT, CUP: B84I20000100001). BG is supported by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the PRIN 2017 Research Program Framework, n. 2017SYRTCN. Mairi Sakellariadou is supported in part by the Science and Technology Facility Council (STFC), United Kingdom, under the research grant ST/P000258/1. ACJ was supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through the UKRI Quantum Technologies for Fundamental Physics Programme [grant number ST/T005904/1]. Swetha Bhagwat is supported by the UKRI Stephen Hawking Fellowship with grant ref. no EP/W005727. Angelo Ricciardone acknowledges financial support from the Supporting TAlent in ReSearch@University of Padova (STARS@UNIPD) for the project “Constraining Cosmology and Astrophysics with Gravitational Waves, Cosmic Microwave Background and Large-Scale Structure cross-correlations”. Kamiel Janssens is supported by FWO-Vlaanderen via grant number 11C5720N. F.Gulminelli and C.Mondal acknowledge partial support from the In2p3 Master Project NewMAC. D. Alonso is supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council through an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, grant reference ST/P004474. Ssohrab Borhanian acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project MEMI number BE 6301/2-1. Arnab Dhani, Ish Gupta and B.S. Sathyaprakash were supported by NSF grant numbers PHY-2012083, AST-2006384 and PHY-2207638. G. Cusin is supported by CNRS and by Swiss National Science Fundation (Ambizione grant — Gravitational wave propagation in the clustered universe). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

PY - 2023/7

Y1 - 2023/7

N2 - The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where each detector has a ‘xylophone’ configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple ‘metrics’ that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.

AB - The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where each detector has a ‘xylophone’ configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple ‘metrics’ that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.

KW - gravitational wave detectors

KW - gravitational waves/experiments

KW - gravitational waves/sources

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85167580267&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85167580267&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

DO - 10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85167580267

SN - 1475-7516

VL - 2023

SP - 1

EP - 186

JO - Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

JF - Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics

IS - 7

M1 - 068

ER -

Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs

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