Seasonal patterns of shell ␣ux, d18O and d13C of small and large N. pachyderma (s) and G. bulloides in the subpolar North Atlantic

Past water column stratification can be assessed through comparison of the δ¹⁸O of different planktonic foraminiferal species. The underlying assumption is that different species form their shells simultaneously, but at different depths in the water column. We evaluate this assumption using a sediment trap time-series of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) and Globigerina bulloides from the NW North Atlantic. We determined fluxes, δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C of shells from two size fractions to assess size-related effects on shell chemistry and to better constrain the underlying causes of isotopic differences between foraminifera in deep-sea sediments. Our data indicate that in the subpolar North Atlantic differences in the seasonality of the shell flux, and not in depth habitat or test size, determine the interspecies Δδ¹⁸O. N. pachyderma (s) preferentially forms from early spring to late summer, whereas the flux of G. bulloides peaks later in the season and is sustained until autumn. Likewise, seasonality influences large and small specimens differently, with large shells settling earlier in the season. The similarity of the seasonal δ¹⁸O patterns between the two species indicates that they calcify in an overlapping depth zone close to the surface. However, their δ¹³C patterns are markedly different (>1‰). Both species have a seasonally variable offset from δ¹³C <inf>DIC</inf> that appears to be governed primarily by temperature, with larger offsets associated with higher temperatures. The variable offset from δ¹³C<inf>DIC</inf> implies that seasonality of the flux affects the fossil δ¹³C signal, which has implications for reconstruction of the past oceanic carbon cycle. © 2013 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.