Abstract
The development of gaze following begins in early infancy and its developmental foundation has been under heavy debate. Using a longitudinal design (N = 118), we demonstrate that attachment quality predicts individual differences in the onset of gaze following, at six months of age, and that maternal postpartum depression predicts later gaze following, at 10 months. In addition, we report longitudinal stability in gaze following from 6 to 10 months. A full path model (using attachment, maternal depression and gaze following at six months) accounted for 21% of variance in gaze following at 10 months. These results suggest an experience-dependent development of gaze following, driven by the infant's own motivation to interact and engage with others (the social-first perspective).
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 1178 |
| Pages (from-to) | 1-11 |
| Number of pages | 11 |
| Journal | Royal Society Open Science |
| Volume | 7 |
| Issue number | 9 |
| Early online date | 16 Sept 2020 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Sept 2020 |
Funding
Ethics. The study was approved by the local ethics review committee (EPN) in Uppsala, Sweden (permit number 2013/ 423), and conducted in compliance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration. Participating families provided written consent (from all legal parents) prior to the start of the study and at each subsequent visit. The study did not use animal subjects or tissues. Data accessibility. The eye-tracking workflow together with the data matrix used in the analysis is openly available from Dryad https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.v41ns1rs5 [81]. Because of local university policy and GDPR, videos and other sensitive material will not be shared. Authors’ contributions. K.A.: drafting the article, conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, final approval of the version to be published. M.L.: data collection, designed the longitudinal study, critical revision of the article, data analysis and interpretation, final approval of the version to be published. L.F.: data collection, critical revision of the article, final approval of the version to be published. B.K.: data collection, critical revision of the article, final approval of the version to be published. M.F.: data collection, critical revision of the article, final approval of the version to be published. Competing interests. The authors declare that the study was conducted in the absence of any conflicting interests. Funding. The BASICchild project was funded by the following grants: Gustaf Gredebäck (Wallenberg Fellowship: KAW 2012.0120) and Marcus Lindskog (Riksbankens Jubileumsfond: P15-0430:1). Acknowledgements. We thank all families that participated and colleagues that have worked with the BASIC project. We also thank everyone who contributed with valuable feedback on the manuscript.
UN SDGs
This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
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SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
Keywords
- attachment
- gaze following
- infant
- longitudinal
- maternal postpartum depression
- social context
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