Social and emotional loneliness in a large sample of Dutch adults aged 19-65: Associations with risk factors

Loneliness is common in adults of all ages. Prior research among older adults has shown that social loneliness (feelings of missing a wider social network) and emotional loneliness (missing an intimate relationship) differ in risk factors. Therefore, this study examined risk factors of social and emotional loneliness among adults aged 19-65 years. This study was conducted within the framework of a community-based health study in the northwest of the Netherlands in 2016. Cross-sectional data of 7,885 participants were analysed using structural equation modelling. Social and emotional loneliness were measured using the validated scale of de Jong-Gierveld. Socio-demographic and health-related risk factors were self-reported. Multiple socio-demographic, health indicators and health behaviours were associated with higher scores on both types of loneliness, although the predictive power of multiple risk factors differed by type. Additionally, female gender, younger age, medium or high educational level and smoking were associated with lower social loneliness scores specifically, while having a paid job and lower body mass index were associated with lower emotional loneliness scores. To conclude, associations with risk factors were partly consistent across social and emotional loneliness, however, some important differences have been shown. These differences are important to consider when developing targeted prevention and intervention strategies.