TY - JOUR
T1 - Specificity of basic information processing and inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
AU - Salum, G.A.
AU - Sergeant, J.A.
AU - Sonuga-Barke, E.J.
AU - Vandekerckhove, J.
AU - Gadelha, A.
AU - Pan, P.M.
AU - Moriyama, T.
AU - Graeff-Martins, A.S.
AU - de Alvarenga, P.G.
AU - do Rosario, M.C.
AU - Manfro, G.G.
AU - Polanczyk, G.
AU - Rohde, L.A.P.
N1 - PT: J; NR: 96; TC: 2; J9: PSYCHOL MED; PG: 15; GA: 302GX; UT: WOS:000330592300015
PY - 2014
Y1 - 2014
N2 - Background Both inhibitory-based executive functioning (IB-EF) and basic information processing (BIP) deficits are found in clinic-referred attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) samples. However, it remains to be determined whether: (1) such deficits occur in non-referred samples of ADHD; (2) they are specific to ADHD; (3) the co-morbidity between ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) has additive or interactive effects; and (4) IB-EF deficits are primary in ADHD or are due to BIP deficits. Method We assessed 704 subjects (age 6-12 years) from a non-referred sample using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and classified them into five groups: typical developing controls (TDC; n=378), Fear disorders (n=90), Distress disorders (n=57), ADHD (n=100), ODD/CD (n=40) and ADHD+ODD/CD (n=39). We evaluated neurocognitive performance with a Two-Choice Reaction Time Task (2C-RT), a Conflict Control Task (CCT) and a Go/No-Go (GNG) task. We used a diffusion model (DM) to decompose BIP into processing efficiency, speed-accuracy trade-off and encoding/motor function along with variability parameters. Results Poorer processing efficiency was found to be specific to ADHD. Faster encoding/motor function differentiated ADHD from TDC and from fear/distress whereas a more cautious (not impulsive) response style differentiated ADHD from both TDC and ODD/CD. The co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD reflected only additive effects. All ADHD-related IB-EF classical effects were fully moderated by deficits in BIP. Conclusions Our findings challenge the IB-EF hypothesis for ADHD and underscore the importance of processing efficiency as the key specific mechanism for ADHD pathophysiology. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.
AB - Background Both inhibitory-based executive functioning (IB-EF) and basic information processing (BIP) deficits are found in clinic-referred attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) samples. However, it remains to be determined whether: (1) such deficits occur in non-referred samples of ADHD; (2) they are specific to ADHD; (3) the co-morbidity between ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) has additive or interactive effects; and (4) IB-EF deficits are primary in ADHD or are due to BIP deficits. Method We assessed 704 subjects (age 6-12 years) from a non-referred sample using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and classified them into five groups: typical developing controls (TDC; n=378), Fear disorders (n=90), Distress disorders (n=57), ADHD (n=100), ODD/CD (n=40) and ADHD+ODD/CD (n=39). We evaluated neurocognitive performance with a Two-Choice Reaction Time Task (2C-RT), a Conflict Control Task (CCT) and a Go/No-Go (GNG) task. We used a diffusion model (DM) to decompose BIP into processing efficiency, speed-accuracy trade-off and encoding/motor function along with variability parameters. Results Poorer processing efficiency was found to be specific to ADHD. Faster encoding/motor function differentiated ADHD from TDC and from fear/distress whereas a more cautious (not impulsive) response style differentiated ADHD from both TDC and ODD/CD. The co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD reflected only additive effects. All ADHD-related IB-EF classical effects were fully moderated by deficits in BIP. Conclusions Our findings challenge the IB-EF hypothesis for ADHD and underscore the importance of processing efficiency as the key specific mechanism for ADHD pathophysiology. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.
U2 - 10.1017/S0033291713000639
DO - 10.1017/S0033291713000639
M3 - Article
VL - 44
SP - 617
EP - 631
JO - Psychological Medicine
JF - Psychological Medicine
SN - 0033-2917
IS - 3
ER -