Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration; the KAGRA Collaboration

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration
, the KAGRA Collaboration

Research output: Contribution to Journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10⁻³ Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

Original language	English
Article number	207
Pages (from-to)	1-47
Number of pages	47
Journal	The Astrophysical Journal
Volume	980
Issue number	2
Early online date	14 Feb 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749
Publication status	Published - 20 Feb 2025

Bibliographical note

Publisher Copyright:
© 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.

Funding

G. Raman, S. Ronchini, and J.A. Kennea acknowledge the support of NASA grants 80NSSC19K0408 and 80NSSC22K1498 awarded as part of the NASA Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Guest Investigator program. J.A. Kennea and J. Delaunay acknowledge the support of NASA contract NAS5-0136. This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/ Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci ÅLon (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci ÅLon y Universidades, the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1), the ICSC - CentroNazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the European Union NextGenerationEU, the Comunitat Auton`oma de les Illes Balears through the Direcci ÅLo General de Recerca, Innovaci ÅLo i TransformaciÅLo Digital with funds from the Tourist Stay Tax Law ITS 2017-006, the Conselleria d’Economia, Hisenda i Innovaci ÅL o, the FEDER Operational Program 2021-2027 of the Balearic Islands, the Conselleria d’Innovaci ÅL o, Universitats, Ci`encia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union – European Regional Development Fund; the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concert ÅLees (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris ̂Ile-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), the US-Israel Binational Science Fund (BSF), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, the JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grantin- Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A, Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in- Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo, the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Computing Infrastructure Project of Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), the AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Rising Star Program and Science Vanguard Research Program, the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and the Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. Additional acknowledgments for support of individual authors may be found in the following document: https:// dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-M2300033/public. We request that citations to this article use “A. G. Abac et al. (LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration) ...” or similar phrasing, depending on journal convention. This material is based upon work supported by NSF’s LIGO Laboratory, which is a major facility fully funded by the National Science Foundation. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) of the United Kingdom, the Max-Planck-Society (MPS), and the State of Niedersachsen/Germany for support of the construction of Advanced LIGO and construction and operation of the GEO600 detector. Additional support for Advanced LIGO was provided by the Australian Research Council. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), the French Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) for the construction and operation of the Virgo detector and the creation and support of the EGO consortium. The authors also gratefully acknowledge research support from these agencies as well as by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research of India, the Department of Science and Technology, India, the Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), India, the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India, the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci ÅLon (AEI), the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci ÅLon y Universidades, the European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (PRTR-C17.I1), the ICSC - CentroNazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by the European Union NextGenerationEU, the Comunitat Auton`oma de les Illes Balears through the Direcci ÅLo General de Recerca, Innovaci ÅLo i TransformaciÅLo Digital with funds from the Tourist Stay Tax Law ITS 2017-006, the Conselleria d’Economia, Hisenda i Innovaci ÅL o, the FEDER Operational Program 2021-2027 of the Balearic Islands, the Conselleria d’Innovaci ÅL o, Universitats, Ci`encia i Societat Digital de la Generalitat Valenciana and the CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain, the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange, the National Science Centre of Poland and the European Union – European Regional Development Fund; the Foundation for Polish Science (FNP), the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Russian Science Foundation, the European Commission, the European Social Funds (ESF), the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF), the Royal Society, the Scottish Funding Council, the Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA), the French Lyon Institute of Origins (LIO), the Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FRS-FNRS), Actions de Recherche Concert ÅLees (ARC) and Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen (FWO), Belgium, the Paris ˆIle-de-France Region, the National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary (NKFIH), the National Research Foundation of Korea, the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations, the International Center for Theoretical Physics South American Institute for Fundamental Research (ICTP-SAIFR), the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), the US-Israel Binational Science Fund (BSF), the Leverhulme Trust, the Research Corporation, the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), Taiwan, the United States Department of Energy, and the Kavli Foundation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the NSF, STFC, INFN and CNRS for provision of computational resources. This work was supported by MEXT, the JSPS Leading-edge Research Infrastructure Program, JSPS Grantin- Aid for Specially Promoted Research 26000005, JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas 2905: JP17H06358, JP17H06361 and JP17H06364, JSPS Core-to-Core Program A, Advanced Research Networks, JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) 17H06133 and 20H05639, JSPS Grant-in- Aid for Transformative Research Areas (A) 20A203: JP20H05854, the joint research program of the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, the University of Tokyo, the National Research Foundation (NRF), the Computing Infrastructure Project of Global Science experimental Data hub Center (GSDC) at KISTI, the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI), the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) in Korea, Academia Sinica (AS), the AS Grid Center (ASGC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan under grants including the Rising Star Program and Science Vanguard Research Program, the Advanced Technology Center (ATC) of NAOJ, and the Mechanical Engineering Center of KEK. G. Raman, S. Ronchini, and J.A. Kennea acknowledge the support of NASA grants 80NSSC19K0408 and 80NSSC22K1498 awarded as part of the NASA Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory Guest Investigator program. J.A. Kennea and J. Delaunay acknowledge the support of NASA contract NAS5-0136.

Funders	Funder number
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
Ministry of Education, India
Australian Research Council
ICTP South American Institute for Fundamental Research
Albert Ellis Institute
National Research Foundation of Korea
Hungarian Scientific Research Fund
Narodowe Centrum Nauki
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance
National Science Foundation
OTKA
Scottish Funding Council
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Israel Science Foundation
Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
French Lyon Institute of Origins
Leverhulme Trust
Comunitat Auton`oma de les Illes Balears
Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information
Science and Engineering Research Board
Generalitat de Catalunya
Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
European Union NextGenerationEU
Canada Foundation for Innovation
Kavli Foundation
US-Israel Binational Science Fund
Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal
Actions de Recherche Concert ÅLees
European Commission
European Social Fund Plus
Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek – Vlaanderen
U.S. Department of Energy
International Council of Shopping Centers
Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovations
Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Bloom's Syndrome Foundation
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee
Academia Sinica
AS Grid Center
Russian Science Foundation
National Science and Technology Council
College of Natural Resources and Sciences, Humboldt State University
Advanced Technology Center
State of Niedersachsen
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci ÅLon y Universidades
Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
Royal Society
National Research Foundation
Ministry of Science and ICT
Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki
Generalitat Valenciana
University of Tokyo
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
National Natural Science Foundation of China
PRTR	PRTR-C17
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science	17H06133, JP20H05854, JP17H06361, JP17H06364, 20A203, JP17H06358, 20H05639
Science and Technology Facilities Council	ST/W004844/1
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	80NSSC19K0408, NAS5-0136, 80NSSC22K1498
European Regional Development Fund	2021-2027
Tourist Stay Tax Law	ITS 2017-006

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10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

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Cite this

@article{76457e89cb37425ba9c819ae885c9dac,

title = "Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run",

abstract = "We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.",

author = "Gayathri Raman and Samuele Ronchini and James Delaunay and Aaron Tohuvavohu and Kennea, \{Jamie A.\} and Tyler Parsotan and Elena Ambrosi and Bernardini, \{Maria Grazia\} and Sergio Campana and Giancarlo Cusumano and Antonino D'A{\`i} and Paolo D'Avanzo and Valerio D'Elia and \{De Pasquale\}, Massimiliano and Simone Dichiara and Phil Evans and Dieter Hartmann and Paul Kuin and Andrea Melandri and Paul O{\textquoteright}Brien and Osborne, \{Julian P.\} and Kim Page and Palmer, \{David M.\} and Boris Sbarufatti and Gianpiero Tagliaferri and Eleonora Troja and Abac, \{A. G.\} and R. Abbott and H. Abe and I. Abouelfettouh and F. Acernese and K. Ackley and C. Adamcewicz and S. Adhicary and N. Adhikari and Adhikari, \{R. X.\} and Adkins, \{V. K.\} and Adya, \{V. B.\} and C. Affeldt and D. Agarwal and M. Agathos and Aguiar, \{O. D.\} and I. Aguilar and L. Aiello and A. Ain and T. Akutsu and S. Albanesi and Alfaidi, \{R. A.\} and A. Al-Jodah and C. All{\'e}n{\'e} and A. Allocca and S. Al-Shammari and Altin, \{P. A.\} and S. Alvarez-Lopez and A. Amato and L. Amez-Droz and A. Amorosi and C. Amra and S. Anand and A. Ananyeva and Anderson, \{S. B.\} and Anderson, \{W. G.\} and M. Andia and M. Ando and T. Andrade and N. Andres and M. Andr{\'e}s-Carcasona and T. Andri{\'c} and J. Anglin and S. Ansoldi and Antelis, \{J. M.\} and S. Antier and M. Aoumi and Appavuravther, \{E. Z.\} and S. Appert and Apple, \{S. K.\} and K. Arai and A. Araya and Araya, \{M. C.\} and Areeda, \{J. S.\} and N. Aritomi and F. Armato and N. Arnaud and M. Arogeti and Aronson, \{S. M.\} and G. Ashton and Y. Aso and M. Assiduo and \{de Souza Melo\}, \{S. Assis\} and Aston, \{S. M.\} and P. Astone and F. Aubin and K. AultONeal and G. Avallone and S. Babak and F. Badaracco and C. Badger and S. Bae and S. Bagnasco and E. Bagui and Y. Bai and Baier, \{J. G.\} and R. Bajpai and T. Baka and M. Ball and G. Ballardin and Ballmer, \{S. W.\} and S. Banagiri and B. Banerjee and D. Bankar and P. Baral and Barayoga, \{J. C.\} and Barish, \{B. C.\} and D. Barker and P. Barneo and F. Barone and B. Barr and L. Barsotti and M. Barsuglia and D. Barta and Barthelmy, \{S. D.\} and Barton, \{M. A.\} and I. Bartos and S. Basak and A. Basalaev and R. Bassiri and A. Basti and M. Bawaj and P. Baxi and Bayley, \{J. C.\} and Baylor, \{A. C.\} and M. Bazzan and B. B{\'e}csy and Bedakihale, \{V. M.\} and F. Beirnaert and M. Bejger and D. Belardinelli and Bell, \{A. S.\} and V. Benedetto and D. Beniwal and W. Benoit and Bentley, \{J. D.\} and \{Ben Yaala\}, M. and S. Bera and M. Berbel and F. Bergamin and Berger, \{B. K.\} and S. Bernuzzi and M. Beroiz and Berry, \{C. P.L.\} and D. Bersanetti and A. Bertolini and J. Betzwieser and D. Beveridge and N. Bevins and R. Bhandare and U. Bhardwaj and R. Bhatt and D. Bhattacharjee and S. Bhaumik and S. Bhowmick and A. Bianchi and Bilenko, \{I. A.\} and G. Billingsley and A. Binetti and S. Bini and O. Birnholtz and S. Biscoveanu and A. Bisht and M. 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Davier and Davies, \{T. F.\} and D. Davis and L. Davis and Davis, \{M. C.\} and Daw, \{E. J.\} and M. Dax and \{De Bolle\}, J. and M. Deenadayalan and J. Degallaix and \{De Laurentis\}, M. and S. Del{\'e}glise and \{Del Favero\}, V. and \{De Lillo\}, F. and D. Dell{\textquoteright}Aquila and \{Del Pozzo\}, W. and \{De Marco\}, F. and \{De Matteis\}, F. and V. D{\textquoteright}Emilio and N. Demos and T. Dent and A. Depasse and N. DePergola and \{De Pietri\}, R. and \{De Rosa\}, R. and \{De Rossi\}, C. and \{De Simone\}, R. and A. Dhani and S. Dhurandhar and R. Diab and D{\'i}az, \{M. C.\} and \{Di Cesare\}, M. and G. Dideron and Didio, \{N. A.\} and T. Dietrich and \{Di Fiore\}, L. and \{Di Fronzo\}, C. and \{Di Giovanni\}, F. and \{Di Giovanni\}, M. and \{Di Girolamo\}, T. and D. Diksha and \{Di Michele\}, A. and J. Ding and \{Di Pace\}, S. and \{Di Palma\}, I. and \{Di Renzo\}, F. and Divyajyoti and A. Dmitriev and Z. Doctor and E. Dohmen and Doleva, \{P. P.\} and L. Donahue and L. D{\textquoteright}Onofrio and F. Donovan and Dooley, \{K. L.\} and T. Dooney and S. Doravari and O. Dorosh and M. Drago and Driggers, \{J. C.\} and Y. Drori and Ducoin, \{J. G.\} and L. Dunn and U. Dupletsa and D. D{\textquoteright}Urso and H. Duval and Duverne, \{P. A.\} and Dwyer, \{S. E.\} and C. Eassa and M. Ebersold and T. Eckhardt and G. Eddolls and B. Edelman and Edo, \{T. B.\} and O. Edy and A. Effler and J. Eichholz and H. Einsle and M. Eisenmann and Eisenstein, \{R. A.\} and A. Ejlli and M. Emma and E. Engelby and Engl, \{A. J.\} and L. Errico and Essick, \{R. C.\} and H. Estell{\'e}s and D. Estevez and T. Etzel and M. Evans and T. Evstafyeva and Ewing, \{B. E.\} and Ezquiaga, \{J. M.\} and F. Fabrizi and F. Faedi and V. Fafone and S. Fairhurst and Fan, \{P. C.\} and Farah, \{A. M.\} and B. Farr and Farr, \{W. M.\} and G. Favaro and M. Favata and M. Fays and M. Fazio and J. Feicht and Fejer, \{M. M.\} and E. Fenyvesi and Ferguson, \{D. L.\} and I. Ferrante and Ferreira, \{T. A.\} and F. Fidecaro and A. Fiori and I. Fiori and M. Fishbach and Fisher, \{R. P.\} and R. Fittipaldi and V. Fiumara and R. Flaminio and Fleischer, \{S. M.\} and Fleming, \{L. S.\} and E. Floden and Foley, \{E. M.\} and H. Fong and Font, \{J. A.\} and B. Fornal and Forsyth, \{P. W.F.\} and K. Franceschetti and N. Franchini and S. Frasca and F. Frasconi and \{Frattale Mascioli\}, A. and Z. Frei and A. Freise and O. Freitas and R. Frey and W. Frischhertz and P. Fritschel and Frolov, \{V. V.\} and Fronz{\'e}, \{G. G.\} and M. Fuentes-Garcia and S. Fujii and I. Fukunaga and P. Fulda and M. Fyffe and Gabella, \{W. E.\} and B. Gadre and Gair, \{J. R.\} and S. Galaudage and S. Gallardo and B. Gallego and R. Gamba and A. Gamboa and D. Ganapathy and A. Ganguly and Gaonkar, \{S. G.\} and B. Garaventa and J. Garcia-Bellido and C. Garc{\'i}a-N{\'u}{\~n}ez and C. Garc{\'i}a-Quir{\'o}s and Gardner, \{J. W.\} and Gardner, \{K. A.\} and J. Gargiulo and A. Garron and F. Garufi and C. Gasbarra and B. Gateley and V. Gayathri and G. Gemme and A. Gennai and J. George and R. George and O. Gerberding and L. Gergely and N. Ghadiri and Archisman Ghosh and Shaon Ghosh and Shrobana Ghosh and Suprovo Ghosh and Tathagata Ghosh and L. Giacoppo and Giaime, \{J. A.\} and Giardina, \{K. D.\} and Gibson, \{D. R.\} and Gibson, \{D. T.\} and C. Gier and P. Giri and F. Gissi and S. Gkaitatzis and J. Glanzer and Gleckl, \{A. E.\} and F. Glotin and J. Godfrey and P. Godwin and Goebbels, \{N. L.\} and E. Goetz and J. Golomb and \{Gomez Lopez\}, S. and B. Goncharov and G. Gonz{\'a}lez and P. Goodarzi and Goodwin-Jones, \{A. W.\} and M. Gosselin and G{\"o}ttel, \{A. S.\} and R. Gouaty and Gould, \{D. W.\} and S. Goyal and B. Grace and A. Grado and V. Graham and Granados, \{A. E.\} and M. Granata and V. Granata and Argianas, \{L. Granda\} and S. Gras and P. Grassia and C. Gray and R. Gray and G. Greco and Green, \{A. C.\} and Green, \{S. M.\} and Green, \{S. R.\} and Gretarsson, \{A. M.\} and Gretarsson, \{E. M.\} and D. Griffith and Griffiths, \{W. L.\} and Griggs, \{H. L.\} and G. Grignani and A. Grimaldi and C. Grimaud and H. Grote and Gruson, \{A. S.\} and D. Guerra and D. Guetta and Guidi, \{G. M.\} and Guimaraes, \{A. R.\} and Gulati, \{H. K.\} and F. Gulminelli and Gunny, \{A. M.\} and H. Guo and W. Guo and Y. Guo and Anchal Gupta and Anuradha Gupta and Ish Gupta and Gupta, \{N. C.\} and P. Gupta and Gupta, \{S. K.\} and T. Gupta and N. Gupte and R. Gurav and J. Gurs and N. Gutierrez and F. Guzman and D. Haba and M. Haberland and L. Haegel and G. Hain and S. Haino and Hall, \{E. D.\} and R. Hamburg and Hamilton, \{E. Z.\} and G. Hammond and Han, \{W. B.\} and M. Haney and J. Hanks and C. Hanna and Hannam, \{M. D.\} and Hannuksela, \{O. A.\} and Hanselman, \{A. G.\} and H. Hansen and J. Hanson and R. Harada and T. Harder and K. Haris and T. Harmark and J. Harms and Harry, \{G. M.\} and Harry, \{I. W.\} and B. Haskell and Haster, \{C. J.\} and Hathaway, \{J. S.\} and K. Haughian and H. Hayakawa and K. Hayama and J. Healy and A. Heffernan and A. Heidmann and Heintze, \{M. C.\} and J. Heinze and J. Heinzel and H. Heitmann and F. Hellman and P. Hello and Helmling-Cornell, \{A. F.\} and G. Hemming and M. Hendry and Heng, \{I. S.\} and E. Hennes and Hennig, \{J. S.\} and M. Hennig and C. Henshaw and A. Hernandez and T. Hertog and M. Heurs and Hewitt, \{A. L.\} and S. Higginbotham and S. Hild and P. Hill and S. Hill and Y. Himemoto and Hines, \{A. S.\} and N. Hirata and C. Hirose and J. Ho and S. Hoang and S. Hochheim and D. Hofman and Holland, \{N. A.\} and K. Holley-Bockelmann and Hollows, \{I. J.\} and Holmes, \{Z. J.\} and Holz, \{D. E.\} and C. Hong and J. Hornung and S. Hoshino and J. Hough and S. Hourihane and Howell, \{E. J.\} and Hoy, \{C. G.\} and D. Hoyland and Hrishikesh, \{C. A.\} and Hsieh, \{H. F.\} and C. Hsiung and Hsu, \{H. C.\} and Hsu, \{S. C.\} and Hsu, \{W. F.\} and P. Hu and Q. Hu and Huang, \{H. Y.\} and Huang, \{Y. J.\} and Y. Huang and Huang, \{Y. T.\} and Huddart, \{A. D.\} and B. Hughey and Hui, \{D. C.Y.\} and V. Hui and R. Hur and S. Husa and R. Huxford and T. Huynh-Dinh and Iandolo, \{G. A.\} and A. Iess and K. Inayoshi and Y. Inoue and G. Iorio and J. Irwin and M. Isi and Ismail, \{M. A.\} and Y. Itoh and M. Iwaya and Iyer, \{B. R.\} and V. JaberianHamedan and Jacquet, \{P. E.\} and Jadhav, \{S. J.\} and Jadhav, \{S. P.\} and T. Jain and James, \{A. L.\} and James, \{P. A.\} and R. Jamshidi and Jan, \{A. Z.\} and K. Jani and L. Janiurek and J. Janquart and K. Janssens and Janthalur, \{N. N.\} and S. Jaraba and P. Jaranowski and P. Jasal and R. Jaume and W. Javed and A. Jennings and W. Jia and J. Jiang and Jin, \{H. B.\} and K. Johansmeyer and Johns, \{G. R.\} and Johnson, \{N. A.\} and R. Johnston and N. Johny and Jones, \{D. H.\} and Jones, \{D. I.\} and R. Jones and S. Jose and P. Joshi and L. Ju and K. Jung and J. Junker and V. Juste and T. Kajita and C. Kalaghatgi and V. Kalogera and M. Kamiizumi and N. Kanda and S. Kandhasamy and G. Kang and Kanner, \{J. B.\} and Kapadia, \{S. J.\} and Kapasi, \{D. P.\} and S. Karat and C. Karathanasis and S. Karki and R. Kashyap and M. Kasprzack and W. Kastaun and J. Kato and T. Kato and S. Katsanevas and E. Katsavounidis and W. Katzman and T. Kaur and R. Kaushik and K. Kawabe and D. Keitel and J. Kelley-Derzon and J. Kennington and R. Kesharwani and Key, \{J. S.\} and S. Khadka and Khalili, \{F. Y.\} and F. Khan and I. Khan and T. Khanam and M. Khursheed and W. Kiendrebeogo and N. Kijbunchoo and C. Kim and Kim, \{J. C.\} and K. Kim and Kim, \{M. H.\} and S. Kim and Kim, \{W. S.\} and Kim, \{Y. M.\} and C. Kimball and N. Kimura and M. Kinley-Hanlon and M. Kinnear and Kissel, \{J. S.\} and T. Kiyota and S. Klimenko and T. Klinger and Knee, \{A. M.\} and N. Knust and P. Koch and Koehlenbeck, \{S. M.\} and G. Koekoek and K. Kohri and K. Kokeyama and S. Koley and P. Kolitsidou and M. Kolstein and K. 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Lee and Legred, \{I. N.\} and J. Lehmann and L. Lehner and A. Lemai{\^t}re and M. Lenti and M. Leonardi and E. Leonova and M. Lequime and N. Leroy and M. Lesovsky and N. Letendre and M. Lethuillier and C. Levesque and Y. Levin and K. Leyde and Li, \{A. K.Y.\} and Li, \{K. L.\} and Li, \{T. G.F.\} and X. Li and Lin, \{Chien Yu\} and Lin, \{Chun Yu\} and Lin, \{E. T.\} and F. Lin and H. Lin and Lin, \{L. C.C.\} and F. Linde and Linker, \{S. D.\} and Littenberg, \{T. B.\} and A. Liu and Liu, \{G. C.\} and Jian Liu and F. Llamas and J. Llobera-Querol and Lo, \{R. K.L.\} and Locquet, \{J. P.\} and L. London and A. Longo and D. Lopez and \{Lopez Portilla\}, M. and M. Lorenzini and V. Loriette and M. Lormand and G. Losurdo and Lott, \{T. P.\} and Lough, \{J. D.\} and Loughlin, \{H. A.\} and Lousto, \{C. O.\} and Lowry, \{M. J.\} and H. L{\"u}ck and D. Lumaca and Lundgren, \{A. P.\} and Lussier, \{A. W.\} and Ma, \{L. T.\} and S. Ma and M. Ma{\textquoteright}arif and R. Macas and M. MacInnis and Maciy, \{R. R.\} and Macleod, \{D. M.\} and MacMillan, \{I. A.O.\} and A. Macquet and D. Macri and K. Maeda and S. Maenaut and Hernandez, \{I. Maga{\~n}a\} and Magare, \{S. S.\} and C. Magazz{\`u} and Magee, \{R. M.\} and E. Maggio and R. Maggiore and M. Magnozzi and M. Mahesh and S. Mahesh and M. Maini and S. Majhi and E. Majorana and Makarem, \{C. N.\} and Malaquias-Reis, \{J. A.\} and S. Maliakal and A. Malik and N. Man and V. Mandic and V. Mangano and B. Mannix and Mansell, \{G. L.\} and M. Manske and M. Mantovani and M. Mapelli and F. Marchesoni and Pina, \{D. Mar{\'i}n\} and F. Marion and S. M{\'a}rka and Z. M{\'a}rka and C. Markakis and Markosyan, \{A. S.\} and A. Markowitz and E. Maros and A. Marquina and S. Marsat and F. Martelli and Martin, \{I. W.\} and Martin, \{R. M.\} and Martinez, \{B. B.\} and M. Martinez and V. Martinez and A. Martini and K. Martinovic and Martins, \{J. C.\} and Martynov, \{D. V.\} and Marx, \{E. J.\} and L. Massaro and A. Masserot and M. 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Miravet-Ten{\'e}s and Miritescu, \{C. A.\} and Mishra, \{A. K.\} and A. Mishra and C. Mishra and T. Mishra and Mitchell, \{A. L.\} and Mitchell, \{J. G.\} and S. Mitra and Mitrofanov, \{V. P.\} and G. Mitselmakher and R. Mittleman and O. Miyakawa and S. Miyamoto and S. Miyoki and G. Mo and L. Mobilia and Modafferi, \{L. M.\} and Mohapatra, \{S. R.P.\} and Mohite, \{S. R.\} and M. Molina-Ruiz and C. Mondal and M. Mondin and M. Montani and Moore, \{C. J.\} and M. Morales and D. Moraru and F. Morawski and A. More and S. More and C. Moreno and G. Moreno and S. Morisaki and Y. Moriwaki and G. Morras and A. Moscatello and P. Mourier and B. Mours and Mow-Lowry, \{C. M.\} and S. Mozzon and F. Muciaccia and D. Mukherjee and Samanwaya Mukherjee and Soma Mukherjee and Subroto Mukherjee and Suvodip Mukherjee and N. Mukund and A. Mullavey and J. Munch and Mungioli, \{C. L.\} and M. Munn and \{Munn Oberg\}, \{W. R.\} and M. Murakoshi and Murray, \{P. G.\} and S. Muusse and Nadji, \{S. L.\} and A. 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Zhao and Yue Zhao and Yuhang Zhao and Y. Zheng and H. Zhong and S. Zhong and R. Zhou and Zhu, \{Z. H.\} and Zimmerman, \{A. B.\} and Zucker, \{M. E.\} and J. Zweizig and \{The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration\} and \{the KAGRA Collaboration\}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2025. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.",

year = "2025",

month = feb,

day = "20",

doi = "10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749",

language = "English",

volume = "980",

pages = "1--47",

journal = "The Astrophysical Journal",

issn = "0004-637X",

publisher = "American Astronomical Society",

number = "2",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

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AU - The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration

AU - the KAGRA Collaboration

PY - 2025/2/20

Y1 - 2025/2/20

N2 - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

AB - We present results from a search for X-ray/gamma-ray counterparts of gravitational-wave (GW) candidates from the third observing run (O3) of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network using the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (Swift-BAT). The search includes 636 GW candidates received with low latency, 86 of which have been confirmed by the offline analysis and included in the third cumulative Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalogs (GWTC-3). Targeted searches were carried out on the entire GW sample using the maximum-likelihood Non-imaging Transient Reconstruction and Temporal Search pipeline on the BAT data made available via the GUANO infrastructure. We do not detect any significant electromagnetic emission that is temporally and spatially coincident with any of the GW candidates. We report flux upper limits in the 15–350 keV band as a function of sky position for all the catalog candidates. For GW candidates where the Swift-BAT false alarm rate is less than 10−3 Hz, we compute the GW–BAT joint false alarm rate. Finally, the derived Swift-BAT upper limits are used to infer constraints on the putative electromagnetic emission associated with binary black hole mergers.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219630308

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85219630308#tab=citedBy

U2 - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

DO - 10.3847/1538-4357/ad9749

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85219630308

SN - 0004-637X

VL - 980

SP - 1

EP - 47

JO - The Astrophysical Journal

JF - The Astrophysical Journal

IS - 2

M1 - 207

ER -

Swift-BAT GUANO Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Third LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Observing Run

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