Temporomandibular joint anterior disc displacement with reduction in a young population: Prevalence and risk indicators

Background: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacements with reduction (ADDR) are commonly found in the young population and often found to be associated with biomechanical and anatomical factors. Until now, most knowledge on ADDR among children and adolescents comes from studies performed on Caucasian subjects. Aims: To assess the clinically determined prevalence rates of ADDR among the young Indonesian population and to evaluate its risk indicators. Design: In this cross-sectional study, 1562 pupils and students of 7-21 years old completed a questionnaire and underwent a clinical examination. Results: The prevalence rates of ADDR were 7.0% among children (7-12 years), 14.4% among adolescents (13-18 years), and 12.3% among young adults (19-21 years). Logistic regression analyses revealed that increasing age and lip biting were associated with ADDR in children, whereas pen biting was associated with ADDR in the adolescent population. None of the included factors were found to be associated with ADDR in the young adult population. Conclusions: The present findings indicate that prevalence of ADDR increases with age, with a peak during the years of adolescence. Biomechanical factors seem to play a significant role in ADDR development.